Honors Biology: Cellular Respiration, Genetics, and Evolution A

What is the primary purpose of oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration?

Generates most of the ATP formed by cellular respiration.

What process begins the oxidation of glucose?

Glycolysis.

Where does glycolysis occur?

Outside the mitochondrion.

How many ATPs are produced by glycolysis per glucose?

Four ATPs, but two ATPs are used to initiate the process.

What does oxidative phosphorylation oxidize to produce NAD+ and FAD?

NADH and FADH2.

In which part of the mitochondrion is the citric acid cycle carried out?

In the matrix of the mitochondrion.

What is produced during oxidative phosphorylation when electrons and hydrogen combine with O2?

Water (H2O).

What is the role of ATP synthase in oxidative phosphorylation?

It makes ATP.

What is the function of helicase in DNA replication?

To separate the hydrogen bonds holding the two strands of DNA together.

What is the role of DNA polymerase?

To build the complementary strand of DNA.

What type of organisms reproduce by binary fission?

All prokaryotes and some eukaryotes.

What are the stages of mitosis in order?

1. Prophase, 2. Metaphase, 3. Anaphase, 4. Telophase.

What process occurs immediately following metaphase?

Anaphase.

What is a gene?

A section of DNA that codes for a specific characteristic.

What is the product of transcription?

Complementary RNA.

What is the product of translation?

A protein.

What are the three types of RNA represented in the diagrams?

mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA.

What are the components of a nucleotide in DNA?

Phosphate group, pentose sugar, and a nitrogenous base (A, G, C, T).

What is the complementary DNA strand for AGCATTGGC?

TCGTAACCG.

What is the ultimate purpose of protein synthesis?

To create proteins.

What are sister chromatids?

Identical copies of a chromosome connected by a centromere.

What are homologous chromosomes?

Chromosomes that are similar in shape, size, and genetic content.

What is the process called that results in the formation of gametes?

Meiosis

During which phase of meiosis does crossing over occur?

Prophase 1

Why is crossing over important in meiosis?

It ensures genetic diversity.

Differentiate between centromere and centriole.

Centromere is the bonding site of sister chromatids; centriole is the structure that attaches spindle fibers to centromeres.

What is the difference between sister chromatids and homologous chromosomes?

Sister chromatids are replicated DNA, while homologous chromosomes are chromosomes with the same genes in the same order.

What is the relationship between gametes and zygotes?

Two haploid gametes combine to form one diploid zygote.

What occurs during metaphase II of meiosis?

Chromosomes align at the cell's equator.

How does anaphase I differ from anaphase II?

Anaphase I separates homologous chromosomes, while anaphase II separates sister chromatids.

What type of cells undergo mitosis and meiosis?

Mitosis occurs in body/somatic cells; meiosis occurs in reproductive cells.

How many times is DNA replicated during mitosis and meiosis?

DNA is replicated once in both mitosis and meiosis.

How many times does cytokinesis occur in mitosis and meiosis?

Cytokinesis occurs once in mitosis and twice in meiosis.

What is the end product of mitosis and meiosis in terms of cell number?

Mitosis produces 2 cells; meiosis produces 4 cells.

Are the end products of mitosis and meiosis haploid or diploid?

Mitosis produces diploid cells; meiosis produces haploid cells.

What is an allele?

An allele is a variant of a gene.

What are the alleles that code for the stripes on honeybees?

The alleles code for black stripes or cordovan (light brown) stripes.

What is the genotype and phenotype of the male honeybee in the cross?

The genotype is bb and the phenotype is cordovan.

What terms apply to the female honeybee in the cross?

Pure breeding, homozygous, dominant.

What is the expected percentage of homozygous offspring in the F2 generation?

50%.

What is the expected percentage of offspring with cordovan stripes in the F2 generation?

25%.

What are the possible genotypes of the offspring from a cross between a heterozygous pea plant and a white flower pea plant?

Purple or white flowers.

What is the genotypic ratio from the cross of a heterozygous pea plant with a white flower pea plant?

1:2:1.

What are the predicted phenotypes and their percentages from the cross?

Purple: 50%, White: 50%.

What is the male and female genotype for gender determination?

Male: XY; Female: XX.

What is the likelihood of an offspring being female from a Punnett square for gender?

50%.

Calculate the number of allele combinations for the following genotypes: PP, Rr, TTRr, PpTtRRGr.

PP: 1; Rr: 2; TTRr: 2; PpTtRRGr: 8.

What traits are being studied in the dihybrid cross of rabbits?

Grey hair (dominant) vs. white hair; black eyes (dominant) vs. red eyes.

What are the gametes produced by the cross of GgBb parents?

GB, Gb, gB, gb

What is the phenotypic ratio of the offspring from the mating described?

Gray fur and black eyes: 9/16, gray fur and red eyes: 3/16, white fur and black eyes: 3/16, white fur and red eyes: 1/16

How many different gametes can the genotype PP produce?

1

How many different gametes can the genotype Rr produce?

2

How many different gametes can the genotype TTRr produce?

2

How many different gametes can the genotype PpTtRRGr produce?

8

What term describes the pattern of inheritance where a female with horizontal stripes and a male with vertical stripes produce offspring with a grid pattern?

Codominance

What genetic pattern is demonstrated by a female with large paws and a male with small paws producing offspring with medium-sized paws?

Incomplete dominance

Which pedigree represents an X-linked condition?

The left side.

Which condition is autosomal, the left or right pedigree?

The right side.

Why is the right condition considered autosomal?

It affects males and females equally.

Is either condition dominant?

Yes, the right condition is dominant.

What does 'fit' mean from an evolutionary perspective according to Darwin's theory?

It refers to which organism can live the longest to successfully reproduce.

Summarize Darwin's Theory of Evolution.

Natural selection produces populations that are uniquely suited to their environment.

What were Lamarck's ideas about biological diversity?

Use and disuse; inheritance of acquired characteristics.

What are vestigial structures?

Structures that have lost their original function, like the small pelvis in whales.

What are analogous structures?

Structures that serve similar functions but have different origins, like kangaroo and grasshopper legs.

What are homologous structures?

Anatomical features in different species that share a common ancestry.

What are the Hardy-Weinberg values for a population with 3% recessive phenotype?

p = 0.83, p² = 0.69, q = 0.17, q² = 0.03, % heterozygotes = 28%, % dominant phenotype = 97%.

What are the three domains in current classification systems?

Archaea, Eukaryota, and Eubacteria.

What are the two kingdoms of prokaryotes mentioned in the notes?

Archae and Eubacteria.

What is the correct sequence of taxonomic ranks from largest to smallest?

Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, species.

Which taxon levels are missing from the list provided?

Genus, kingdom, domain.

What two components make up a complete scientific name?

Genus and species.

Define biosphere.

The entire portion of Earth inhabited by life; the sum of all the planet's ecosystems.

What is an ecosystem?

All the organisms in a given area, along with the abiotic factors with which they interact.

What is a community in ecological terms?

An assemblage of all the populations of organisms living close enough together for potential interactions.

Define population in ecology.

A group of individuals belonging to one species that live in the same geographic area and can potentially interbreed.

What defines a species?

A group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed and produce viable, fertile offspring.

What is a producer?

An organism that derives the organic compounds and energy it needs from the consumption of other organisms.

What is the role of a consumer in an ecosystem?

An organism that eats other living organisms.

Define decomposer.

A prokaryote or fungus that secretes enzymes that digest molecules in organic material and convert them to inorganic forms.

What is a scavenger?

An animal that feeds on the carcasses of dead animals.

What is the difference between abiotic and biotic components of an ecosystem?

Biotic: living factors; Abiotic: nonliving factors.

Differentiate between a food chain and a food web.

A food chain is a simple depiction of how energy travels up the trophic levels, while a food web shows how food chains are interconnected.

What is the primary source of energy for most food chains and webs?

The Sunlight.

What process converts sunlight into usable energy for living things?

Photosynthesis.

What role do decomposers play in the ecosystem?

Recycle nutrients.

List the three types of symbiotic relationships and provide examples.

Mutualism (both benefit), commensalism (one benefits, other isn't harmed), parasitism (one benefits, other is harmed).

What are the two non-symbiotic relationships mentioned?

Predatory/prey and competition.

Explain the difference between predator-prey relationships and competition.

Predator-prey is when one population benefits by eating another, while competition occurs between two similar organisms vying for resources.

Differentiate between parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism.

Parasitism: one benefits and other is harmed; Mutualism: both benefit; Commensalism: one benefits and other is neither harmed nor benefited.

What does an energy pyramid represent and why is it shaped like a triangle?

It represents how energy travels up the trophic levels, shaped like a triangle because the energy decreases at higher levels.

Based on the 10% rule, how much energy will a tertiary consumer have access to if primary consumers have 120 Kcal/M2/Yr?

1.2 Kcal.

What are the four rates that determine population size?

Birth (increase), deaths (decrease), immigration (increase), and emigration (decrease).

What is carrying capacity and how is it represented on a graph?

Carrying capacity shows the maximum number of individuals a population can sustain before it shrinks, represented as a wave line.

Identify some density-dependent and density-independent limiting factors affecting populations.

Density-dependent: food, resources, predator/prey, disease; Density-independent: weather, fire, rocks, earthquake.

What should be labeled on a graph of a population where resources shift from unlimited to limited?

Exponential growth and carrying capacity.