philpop midterm 1

Popular Culture

Cultural products created for mass consumption.

Social Class

Group sharing similar socioeconomic status.

Lower Class

Group living at or below poverty line.

Middle Class

Diverse group with sufficient income for necessities.

Upper Class

Small group with luxury and ample resources.

Class Struggle

Conflict between different social classes.

Caste System

Hierarchical social structure, notably in India.

Filipino Caste System

Historical social hierarchy in Filipino society.

Datu

Leader of a barangay in Filipino society.

Babaylan

Religious leader, often women or homosexual men.

Maharlika

Feudal lords in early Filipino society.

Maginoo

Vassals serving the maharlika class.

Racial Science

Study of human races, often scientifically flawed.

Cultural Appropriation

Adoption of elements from one culture by another.

Indigenous Peoples

Original inhabitants of a region or country.

Anxiety and Depression

Mental health issues common in lower classes.

Economic Backbone

Middle class's role in supporting the economy.

Islamic Rule

Historical governance influencing Indian caste system.

British Occupation

Colonial rule affecting social structures in India.

Social Disparity

Marked differences between various social classes.

Community Sympathy

Empathy among lower class individuals.

Desperate Measures

Actions taken in extreme situations.

Social Science

Field studying societies and social behavior.

Maginoo

Vassals serving under the maharlika class.

Timawa

Free individuals serving the land, including merchants.

Alipin Caste

Lowest caste in pre-colonial Filipino society.

Aliping Namamahay

Land workers, similar to Western peasants.

Aliping Saguiguilid

Actual slaves, often prisoners of war.

Casta System

Tax-based classification system established by Spanish colonizers.

Indios

Filipinos paying minimum base taxes under casta.

Aetas

Indigenous tribes paying minimum base taxes.

Sangleys

Chinese individuals paying quadruple base taxes.

Blancos

Top classifications exempt from paying taxes.

Mestizajes

Mixed heritage individuals paying taxes based on lineage.

Mestizo de Sangley

Filipino-Chinese individuals paying double base taxes.

Insulares

Natural-born Filipinos with pure Spanish blood.

Americanos

Spaniards born in American colonies, exempt from taxes.

Peninsulares

Spaniards from the Iberian Peninsula, holding power.

Mestizo de Español

Filipino-Spaniard intermarriage, exempt from taxes.

Tornatras

Mixed heritage individuals with confusing tax classifications.

Mestizo de Bombay

Filipino-Indian individuals, exempt from paying taxes.

Mestizo de Sangley

Filipino-Chinese individuals, lowest among mixed heritages.

Class Struggles

Inevitably arise from disparities between social classes.

Fall of Aristocracy

Marked the beginning of the Soviet Union.

Taxation

Financial obligation based on racial heritage in casta.

Social Hierarchy

Structured ranking of individuals based on caste.

February Revolution

Event leading to Nicholas II's abdication.

Nicholas II

Last Tsar of Russia, abdicated in 1917.

Romanov House

Dynasty erased after the Russian Revolution.

Anastasia Romanov

Last Romanov; rumored to have survived.

Che Guevara

Icon of rebellion and countercultural movements.

Public Enemy No. 1

Title given to Guevara by the U.S.

Katipunan

Filipino revolutionary society against Spanish rule.

Andres Bonifacio

Leader of the Philippine Revolution against Spain.

Jose Rizal

National hero of the Philippines, advocate for reform.

Cronyism

Favoritism shown to friends in political positions.

Nepotism

Favoritism shown to family in political positions.

Martial Law

Period of military control in the Philippines.

Desaparecidos

Victims of enforced disappearance during Martial Law.

Mendiola Massacre

Violent incident during protests in the Philippines.

Imeldific

Term describing excess associated with Imelda Marcos.

SOGIE

Acronym for Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity, Expression.

Sex

Biological trait defining reproductive function.

Gender

Socially constructed roles and characteristics of identity.

Intersex

Individuals with atypical reproductive or sexual anatomy.

Sexual Orientation

Inclination towards others in romance or sexuality.

Gender Identity

Personal sense of one's own gender.

Gender Expression

Outward presentation of one's gender identity.

Cultural Icons

Figures representing significant social movements or issues.

Androphilia

Attraction to men and/or masculinity.

Gynephilia

Attraction to women and/or femininity.

Bisexuality

Attraction to both men and women.

Ambiphilia

Common ground between androphilia and gynephilia.

Pansexuality

Attraction to all genders and sexual orientations.

Asexuality

No sexual attraction to any gender.

Gender Identity

Self-evaluation of one's gender.

Cisgender

Gender identity matches biological sex.

Cis-male

Male identifying with male biological sex.

Cis-female

Female identifying with female biological sex.

Transgender

Gender identity differs from biological sex.

Transwomen

Men identifying as female.

Transmen

Women identifying as male.

Genderqueer

Gender identity not fitting cis or trans categories.

Agender

No gender identity or gender description.

Non-binary

Gender identity outside traditional male/female categories.

Gender Expression

How one expresses their gender externally.

Masculinity

Attributes regarded as characteristically male.

Femininity

Attributes regarded as characteristically female.

Androgyny

Expression of both male and female qualities.

Sexual Orientation

Pattern of emotional, romantic, or sexual attraction.

Lesbian

Women attracted to other women.

Heterosexual

Attraction to the opposite gender.

Androgyny

Blending masculine and feminine traits in appearance.

Asexual cis-male

Identifies as male, lacks sexual attraction.

Gender fluidity

Ability to express varying gender identities over time.

Gender ambiguity

Uncertainty in gender identity or expression.

SOGIE

Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity, and Expression.

SOGIE Bill

Legislation ensuring equal rights for all genders.

Pronouns debate

Discussion on appropriate gender pronouns usage.

Gender inequality

Disparity in rights and opportunities based on gender.