Psych Mcgraw Hill

Different Stages of Human Development

Fetus, Infancy, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood

Prenatal Development

Germinal Stage, Embryonic Stage, & Fetal Stage

What are the effects on maternal nutrition and teratogens on the development of the fetus and the brain?

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD)

In the developing human embryo, which starts to develop first?

Heart

In the human newborn/infant, which sense is the most developed at or soon after birth?

Hearing

9 month old Terrell is screaming and crying because his mother has dropped him off at day care. He displays this distress each time she leaves him. What is Terrell likely experiencing?

Separation anxiety

Derek, who is 12, is experiencing new growth of facial and pubic hair, a deepening of his voice, and a widening of his shoulders in a process mediated primarily by which of the following hormones?

Testosterone

In aging adults, "use it or lose it" refers to and advises which of the following?

1. Engaging in challenging work will help maintain cognitive functioning

2. Exercise will help maintain physical health

3. Engaging in meaningful task will help maintain cognitive functioning

The study of ______ is about both change and continuity in the person across the life span.

human development

Svetlana has just started to understand that volume remains the same, even if it changes shape. Svetlana must be in which of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

concrete operational

According to Mary Ainsworth, the healthiest form of attachment is called____

Secure

Pre-operational children are _______________ thinkers, which means they cannot see the world from others' points of view.

Egocentric

Which of the following statements about dementia is FALSE?

Aging by itself causes dementia

Millie is 18 months old. When separated from her mother, she cannot be comforted by her mother when they reunite, and she has difficulty returning to play. Millie shows some passiveness as well. What attachment style would you classify Millie as having?

insecure–resistant attachment

The average 8- to 12-year-old spends approximately how many hours each day using media?  

6 hours

According to Erik Erikson, the conflict of old age is between_______

Integrity versus despair

Which theorist outlined the stages that people may move through after learning that they are going to die?

Elisabeth Kübler-Ross

When we sleep, we are ______ conscious.

Moderately

Rose is smitten with Sid. She is speaking with him and is fully aware of what he is saying, the tone of his voice, how he smells, the look in his eyes, and how he makes her feel. Rose's state of consciousness can be said to be high in______

Mindfulness

In adults, each complete sleep cycle, non-REM and REM sleep together, lasts about how long?

90 minutes

Which of the following statements about dreams is TRUE?

Full-blown dreams are less common during non-REM than REM sleep.

Which of the following is not a theory of how hypnosis works?

Hypnosis involves the synchronization of all parts of the brain

______ is the awareness of one’s surroundings and of what is in one’s mind at a given moment.

Consciousness

Which of the following systems does NOT vary on a circadian basis?

Blinking

After the night’s first period of REM sleep…

The non-REM periods are shorter, and the REM periods are longer.

Individuals with narcolepsy may also experience a state of____, which is a weakness of facial muscles and muscles in the limbs.

Cataplexy

_____is a state of mind that occurs in compliance with instructions and is characterized by focused attention, suggestibility, and absorption

Hypnosis

MDMA is also known by which other drug name?

Ecstasy

Psilocybin is the active ingredient in?

Hallucinogenic mushrooms

_____occurs when information from our five senses leaves a small, momentary trace in our brain unless we pay attention to and process this information.

Sensory memory

How long does sensory memory retain information?

Half a second or less

The string of digits 1776149217871941 is difficult for most people to remember, but breaking them up into 1776, 1492, 1787, and 1941 in a process called _____ makes it easier.

Chunking

According to Alan Baddeley (2003, 2007), what is the first step in the working memory process?

Paying attention to a stimulus 

More participants in a study can recall the words in the beginning and in the end of a list than can recall words in the middle of a list. What is this called?

The serial position effect

Knowing how to ride a bike, or any physical skill we have learned, is what kind of memory?

Procedural

Millie was in a skiing accident and broke both of her legs. She cannot remember the day of the accident at all. This is an example of which of the following?

Retrograde amnesia 

Mona says, “I know his name! He’s married to that famous actress, and he was in all those movies about the killer cheerleaders! His name begins with an F . . . I just can’t remember it!” What is Mona experiencing?

The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Eric Kandel concluded that “conversion from short-term to long-term memory storage requires spaced repetition, even in…

Snails

What is retroactive interference?

When new experiences or information causes people to forget previously learned informatioN

Diane is not paying attention to her boyfriend talking, when all of the sudden something he says stops her. She says, “Wait a minute . . . did you say something about marriage?” His mention of marriage left a trace in her _____ memory, and she subsequently paid attention to this information.

echoic

To remember the four bases found in DNA—thymine, guanine, adenine, and cytosine—Aiden makes up a sentence using the first letter from each base as the first letters for the words in the sentence, "The Giraffe Ate Chocolate." Aiden used which of the following?

A mnemonic device

Which of the following scenarios best depicts variable-ratio reinforcement?

Dexter continues to put money into slot machines because he never knows how many pulls of the arm it will take to win the jackpot.

Ted wants to teach his dog, Bailey, to “wave goodbye.” He begins to reward Bailey every time he lifts his paw in the air. Then, Ted rewards Bailey any time he lifts his paw and moves it even slightly. Finally, he rewards him only when he makes a full waving motion. Which of the following techniques is Ted using with Bailey?

Shaping

“Reinforcement matters not only for the person carrying out the behavior but also for those who watch.” This statement is most closely linked to the theory of _______

Social Learning

You pick a new ringtone for your phone and initially you notice the ringtone. After some time, you become accustomed to the ringtone and pay less attention to it when it rings. What has occurred?

Habituation

In Tolman’s study on latent learning, the rats who were not initially reinforced were able to efficiently run a maze after they started getting rewarded. Tolman’s theory was that the rats had formed

Cognitive Maps

________occurs when you experience one object or situation that is linked with another.

Association

Learning is defined as _______

An enduring change in behavior due to experience

The phrase "use it or lose it" is particularly relevant to neural processes in that ______

synaptic connections will lose strength if they are not used regularly, and we may forget information.

Learning by connection is basically the definition of ______

Association

What is imprinting?

The rapid and innate learning of the characteristics of a caregiver within a very short period of time after birth

What was “Little Albert” conditioned to fear?

White Furry Objects

Thorndike's law of effect states that ______

The consequences of a behavior will affect the likelihood of that behavior's being repeated.

Even though he cannot yet speak, 10-month-old Mikey understands what his father means when he says to Mikey, "You're a good boy!" Which part of Mikey's brain is involved in this language comprehension?

Wernicke's area

Which of the following speech sounds is baby Lola likely to make first?

Cooing

Which of the following correctly states the sensitivity period hypothesis for language acquisition?

Children who are not exposed to human language before a certain age will never fully develop language skills.

Sociocultural theorists suggest which of the following with respect to language development?

Children learn language by hearing other people speak and interpreting it within context.

Which of the following individuals is experiencing visual imagery?

Tiekka, who is remembering how many windows are in her house

Which of the following provides evidence in favor of the nativist view of language acquisition?

1. Language develops in the same way at the same time for children worldwide.

2. Children learn language with ease.

3. Even babies who are born deaf engage in babbling.

“All cars sold by this dealership come with satellite radio. This car was sold by the dealership. Therefore, it must have satellite radio." What is this line of thinking known as?

deductive reasoning

Mark is a psychologist who generates theories as to the causes of certain behaviors, tests applicable hypotheses, and revises his theories as needed. In what is Mark engaging?

Scientific thinking

Baby Earl will most likely begin putting together grammatically correct sentences when he is what age?

About 2.5 years

Although no one knows for sure, it is estimated that grammatical and syntactical language is less than _______ years old.

150,000 to 200,000

Which of the following theories of language acquisition captures the interaction between nature and nurture?

innately guided learning

Research has consistently shown that men, women, and animals with high levels of the hormone _________________ perform better on tests of spatial ability than do men, women, and animals with normal levels.

Testosterone