Anthropology Final Studyguide

Two types of families

Extended and Nuclear

Neolocality

Establishing a new place of residence after marriage

Who is part of extended family

Anyone not part of parent and offspring unit (grandparents, uncles, aunts, cousins)

Reasons someone might live with extended family

Immigration, poverty, custody

What is a nontraditional household

Any household thats not solely husband wife and their biological children

Reasons for rise in nontraditional households

Demographic shifts, rise in age of first marriage, rise in divorce rate, women having careers

Clans

claims common descent but based on tradition (ex. Scottish clans, 12 tribes of Judea)

Lineage

Can prove descent from common ancestor

Patrilineal descent

Automatic recognition as member of father’s family

Matrilineal descent

Automatic recognition as member of mother’s family

Patrilocality

Moving to location of husband’s family after marriage

Matrilocality

Moving to location of wife’s family after marriage

Exogamy

Seek spouse outside own group, socioeconomic class, culture, ethnicity

Endogamy

Seek spouse inside own group, socioeconomic class, culture, ethnicity

Incest

Sex with a close relative

Marriage in USA

Legal arrangement with rights and responsibilities, establish legal parentage of kids, monogamy, joint property rights, shared healthcare, and life decisions

Marriage in non-industrial society

Relationship between groups more than exclusively two individuals that can unite families, clans, lineages, and even nations

Bridewealth

Paid to family of wife in exchange for her lack of labor and company

Dowry

Paid to family of husband, usually when wife and her family are of lower status

Polygamy

Relationship with more than two people

Polygyny

Man has more than one wife

Polyandry

Women has more than one husband

Ethnic groups

 Share values, customs, and background based language, religion, historical experience (and more)

Ethnicity

identification with an ethnic group

Racism

Discrimination against a racial group

Nation

Autonomous territories based on political borders

Nationalities

Ethnic groups that once had or wish to have or regain autonomous political status

Race

Ethnicity with biological basis

How is race constructed in U.S.

Hypodescent and assigned at birth, not changing

How is race constructed in Brazil

Phenotype, less rigid and can change

How is race constructed in Japan

View themselves by opposition to other groups

Define hypodescent

Children of more than one raced are assigned the one with lower social status/the minority

Impact of colonialism on modern political borders

Partitioned nations and land

Assimilation

Adoption of patterns and norms of dominant host culture so that they are no longer a distinct unit

Multiculturalism

View of cultural diversity as something good and desirable

Plural society

Multiple groups coexist while maintaining their identity, works best when there isn’t competition for resources and groups are economically integrated

De facto

Practiced but not legally sanctioned

De jure

part of law

Genocide

Destruction of a group

Ethnocide

Destruction of a culture

Forced assimilation

Forcing an ethnic group to adopt the culture of their dominant host group

Sex (def #1)

Sexual intercouse/coitus

Sex (def #2)

Biological division of a species into male or female differentiated by reproductive organs

Intersex

Person born with ambiguous genitalia

Gender

Cultural construction of male and female characteristics

Sex vs. Gender

Sex is biological and more fixed, gender is cultural, fluid, and determined by the individual

Gender roles

Behavior that a culture assigns to the sexes

Gender stratification

Unequal distribution of awards between men and women

In partners women look for

Quality, maximize fitness by seeking mates who can help them support their offspring long term

In partners men look for

Fertility, maximize fitness by seeking mates who can bear and raise children

Stud/slut dichotomy and experimenting

Ability of men to have sex with more partners with less judgement, but more judged for experimenting with same sex than women

Religion

Is a belief system and cultural universal

Features of religion

Deals with the supernatural, myth structure, and social functions

Supernatural

Beings, powers ad forces beyond the observable natural world that can influence human lives/events

Magic

Supernatural techniques intended to accomplish specific aims

Superstition

Any belief or notion not based on reason or experience

Imitative magic

Magic principle that like produces like and things can be supernaturally connected (ex. voodoo dolls)

Contagious magic

Contact continues after separation and will retains the essence of the other after physical separation (ex. relics)

Religious specialists

General term, any person who carries out the function of a religion

Priests/Priestesses

Full time specialists and are supported by other members of their religion

Shamans

Part time specialists called upon in times of ceremony/need

Ritual

religion in action, formal, stylized, repetitive

Rites of passage

Come with the transition from one stage and place to another (ex. birth, puberty, marriage, death)

Rites of intensification

Observe/affirm group solidarity (ex. advent, lent)

Functions of religion

Pyschological, social, and spiritual

Modern world system

Theory that all human communities linked, no true isolation, nations today are economically and politically interdependent

European exploration

Colombian exchange began 15th century, first landed in the Bahamas

Colonialism

1500-1700 development of plantation economies

Transatlantic slave trade

Plantation economies need workers, enslaved people captured from Africa by Europeans then to Americas to colonies to work plantations

Industrial Revolution

Boom of invention and mass production, industrialization, led to more trade

Immanuel Wallerstein

American sociologist and historical economist, wrote MWS

Core nations

Most powerful with largest economies, control global finance, possess advanced technology, and mechanized product, provide goods/services to global economy (US, Canada, EU, Australia)

Semi-periphery

Industrialized nations that lack power and economic dominance of core nations (Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Russia, China, India)

Periphery

Less industrialized with reduced control of capital, produce raw materials agricultural products and human labor for export to core + semi-periphery (Most African, middle, eastern, south/south east Asian countries)

Relationship between core and periphery

Trade disproportionately benefits the core, exploitation