Unit 3B Origin and Evolution of Cells
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55 Terms
A smaller type of ribosome found in prokaryotic cells and mitochondria, consisting of a 50S large subunit and a 30S small subunit.
A metabolic process that uses oxygen to convert glucose into ATP, releasing carbon dioxide and water as byproducts
Describes a molecule that has both hydrophilic (water-attracting) and hydrophobic (water-repelling) regions, such as phospholipids in cell membranes.
A metabolic process that builds complex molecules from simpler ones, often requiring energy input, such as protein synthesis.
A metabolic process that generates energy in the absence of oxygen by breaking down glucose or other molecules.
A domain of single-celled microorganisms that are genetically distinct from bacteria and often thrive in extreme environments.
The layer of gases surrounding a planet, essential for maintaining life and climate on Earth.
An organism that produces its own food using light (photoautotroph) or chemical energy (chemoautotroph).
A domain of prokaryotic microorganisms characterized by a lack of a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
A molecule or substance that provides evidence of life, past or present, such as lipids or isotopic signatures.
A protective outer layer surrounding some bacteria, often made of polysaccharides, aiding in protection and attachment.
A molecule that contains carbon atoms, typically forming the basis of organic life, such as carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids.
A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed, often reducing the activation energy needed.
The smallest unit of life, capable of carrying out all essential biological functions.
A rigid structure surrounding the cell membrane in plants, fungi, bacteria, and some archaea, providing support and protection.
An organism that obtains energy by oxidizing inorganic molecules and uses carbon dioxide as a carbon source.
The gel-like substance within a cell, containing the organelles and the cytosol, where metabolic processes occur.
A logical process where conclusions are drawn from general principles or premises.
The highest taxonomic rank in biological classification, consisting of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
A domain of life consisting of organisms with eukaryotic cells, characterized by a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
Refers to cells that have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
Relating to or originating from outside Earth or its atmosphere.
An organism that thrives in extreme environmental conditions, such as high temperature or acidity.
A long hydrocarbon chain with a carboxylic acid group at one end, often found in lipids.
A whip-like structure that enables movement in certain cells, such as bacteria and sperm.
An opening on the seafloor that emits hot, mineral-rich water, providing energy sources for unique ecosystems.
A molecule that is not carbon-based, such as water, salts, and metals.
Variants of an element with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons in the nucleus.
An acronym for "Last Universal Common Ancestor," the most recent common ancestor of all current life on Earth.
process where microorganisms produce methane as a byproduct of energy metabolism.
A spherical structure formed by amphipathic molecules in water, with hydrophilic heads outward and hydrophobic tails inward.
An image or photograph taken through a microscope to show a magnified view of a specimen.
An experiment that simulated early Earth conditions to demonstrate the possible abiotic synthesis of organic molecules.
A method for estimating the evolutionary time between species based on the mutation rates of biomolecules.
A single, simple molecule that can bind with others to form a polymer, such as amino acids or nucleotides.
DNA that is not associated with proteins, such as histones, typically found in prokaryotes.
A region in prokaryotic cells where the DNA is concentrated, not surrounded by a membrane.
A carbon-based molecule, often associated with living organisms, including carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids.
An organism that uses light energy to synthesize food from carbon dioxide, like plants and algae.
Hair-like structures on the surface of some bacteria used for attachment or exchange of genetic material during conjugation.
The lipid bilayer that encloses the cell, controlling the movement of substances in and out.
A small circular DNA molecule in bacteria that replicates independently of chromosomal DNA.
A large molecule made by linking together multiple monomers, such as proteins or DNA.
The chemical process of joining monomers to form a polymer.
Referring to the conditions or substances present before the emergence of life on Earth.
Describes cells without a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles, such as bacteria and archaea.
A hypothetical early cell-like structure that may have been a precursor to modern cells.
An early Earth atmosphere with little or no oxygen, rich in hydrogen and other reducing gases.
An RNA molecule capable of catalyzing specific biochemical reactions, such as cutting RNA strands.
Ribonucleic acid, a molecule essential for protein synthesis and carrying genetic information in some viruses.
The ability of a molecule or organism to make a copy of itself without external assistance.
Describes a system or organism capable of maintaining itself without external input.
Layered, fossilized structures formed by the activity of microbial communities, often cyanobacteria.
The detailed structure of a cell, observable only with an electron microscope.
A small, membrane-bound sac in cells used for storage or transport of substances.