Asbog 1

basalt

what is the most widely distributed volcanic rock?

gabbro

what is the most common intrusive rock?

feldspar

what is the most widespread mineral?

shale

what is the most common sedimentary rock?

arthropods

what is the largest animal phylum?

7

how many major tectonic plates are there?

coal-fired power plants

what is the largest source of mercury emissions in the US?

granite

give an example of a plutonic rock high in quartz

gabbro

give an example of a plutonic rock low in quartz

rhyolite

give an example of a volcanic rock high in quartz

basalt

give an example of a volcanic rock low in quartz

orthoclase

type of feldspar rich in potassium

albite

type of feldspar rich in sodium

anorthite

type of feldspar rich in calcium

Mg and Ca

as a melt cools, it becomes depleted in \____ and \____.

Na and K

as a melt cools, it becomes enriched in \____ and \____.

calcite, gypsum, halite

what is the order of deposition for evaporates?

marble or quartzite

give an example of a nonfoliated metamorphic rock

slate, phyllite, or schist

give an example of a strongly foliated metamorphic rock

blueschist facies

this metamorphic facies develops in subduction zones at low temperatures and high pressures

zeolite and prehnite-pumpellyite facies

this metamorphic facies develops with the burial of shale in subduction zones, low level metamorphism, metasedimentary rocks retain original characteristics

greenschist facies

this metamorphic facies develops under regional metamorphism with moderate temp and pressures, form low-grade metamorphic rocks such as slate, phyllite

amphibolite facies

this metamorphic facies develops deeper in orogenic belts with high temps and moderate to high pressures, form higher grade metamorphic rocks such as schist, gneiss, quartzite, and marble

granulite facies

this metamorphic facies develops in deep regional metamorphism with very high temp and pressures, forms highest grade metamorphic rocks

eclogite facies

this metamorphic facies develops in tectonic blocks and shear zones under very high pressures and are rare except in California

Foid

igneous rocks containing up to 60% modal feldspathoids (i.e. syenite)

trilobite

give an example of an arthropod fossil

gastropods, cephalopods, bivalves

give an example of a mollusk fossil

coral

give an example of a cnidaria fossil

crinoid

give an example of an echinoderm fossil

Ordovician to Devonian

graptolites are used as index fossils for what time periods?

Pennsylvanian to Permian

Fusilinids are used as index fossils for what time periods?

transgression

a fining upward sequence reflects a \__________.

regression

a coarsening upward sequence reflects a \__________.

Silurian

the first land plants emerged when?

end of Jurassic

the first hot-blooded animals were birds which emerged when?

Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous

the three periods of the Mesozoic Era are \_____

K-T mass extinction

an extinction which was likely caused by an asteroid impact and flood basalts, killed dinosaurs

Permian-Triassic

an extinction which was likely caused by lava eruption of Siberian traps, killed 95% of all species

Ordovian-Silurian

an extinction likely caused by glaciation in Paleozoic, killed 60% marine genera

Offset

The horizontal component of displacement measured perpendicular to the strike of the disrupted unit.

Divergent

the Mid-Atlantic ridge or the East African rift zone are examples of this type of plate boundary

Convergent

island arcs and the Cascadia Subduction zone are examples of this type of plate boundary

Transform

the San Andreas fault is an example of this plate boundary

lignite, subbituminous, bituminous, anthracite

what is coal rank from lowest to highest?

clay

which is more porous, sand or clay?

sand

which has a higher specific yield, sand or clay?

low

a rock with high porosity has \_______ resistivity

low

a rock with pores filled with high salinity water has \_____ resistivity.

high

coal rock has a very \______ resistivity.

14

minimum thickness for rank is \_____ inches for anthracite and bituminous

30

minimum thickness for rank is \_____ inches for subbituminous and lignite

Taconic, Acadian, Alleghanian orogenies

Three orogenies affected the Appalachian mountains in the Eastern US from the Ordovician to the Permian, what were they?

Pennsylvanian

The ancestral Rocky Mountains were formed in the \________ time period by uplift, the mountains were later eroded down.

Sierra Nevada Mountains

The \_________ were formed in the Jurassic by subduction in the western US.

Rocky Mountains

The \____________ were formed by the most recent orogeny in the western US called the Laramide orogeny which started in the late Cretaceous.

50

in order to be called coal, material must have at least \____% carbonaceous material by weight

ash

\______ is the part of coal that doesn't burn

Illinois

The \________ Basin is a mature coal mining area with Pennsylvanian aged bituminous coal usually mined underground

Subbituminous and Bituminous

The Colorado Plateau has Cretaceous aged coal which is \______ and \________ coal (rank)

Powder River Basin

The \_____________ in Montana is a coal mining area known for strip mining of lower rank lignite and subbituminous coal

Lignite

The Gulf Coast is primarily known for mining of \_______ coal (rank)

Bituminous and Anthracite

The Northern and Central Appalachians produce \________and \_______ coal (rank)

low

Oil that is viscous, in a low permeability reservoir, with a high gas to oil ratio would have \_______ recovery.

-5 to -2

Typical ranges for hydraulic conductivity in clay would be 10^ \_____ to 10^ \______

0 to 4

Typical ranges for hydraulic conductivity in a silty sand would be 10^\_____ to 10^ \_____.

Dupuit

this assumption supposes that hydraulic gradient equals the slope of the water table and the direction of the ground water flow is horizontal

Spontaneous-potential (SP)

this borehole geophysical method of logging is a record of the naturally occurring potentials developed between the borehole fluid, formation water, and the surrounding rock materials with depth. Records the difference in electrical potential of borehole fluids.

sandstone

on an SP log, a drift to the left (negative) is likely indicative of \____________

shale

on an SP log, a drift to the right (positive) is likely indicative of \____________.

Electrical resistivity

\_______________ is the ability of a substance to impede the flow of electrical current through itself.

shale

on a resistivity log, a drift to left (low \#) is indicative of \__________.

Sandstone

\__________ will have a drift to the left (negative) on an SP log and have a moderate drift to the right on the resistivity log.

Limestone

\_____________ will have a drift to the right (positive)on an SP log and a large drift to the right (high) on the resistivity log.

Gamma Ray

\_____________Logging measures the natural gamma radioactivity present in a formation versus depth

clays and shales

Radioactive elements tend to concentrate in \______ and \_______.

Potassium, thorium, uranium

These three elements emit nearly all of the gamma rays in the earth

Loose

Sandy and silty soil with blow counts of 4-10 would be described as \___________.

Dense

Sandy and silty soil with blow counts of 30-50 would be described as \__________.

Soft

Clay soils with blow counts of 2-4 would be described as \______.

very stiff

Clay soils with blow counts of 8-15 would be described as \__________.

sodium

The most common sensitivity of plants is to excess \______ in the soil, which decreases soil permeability.

Total dissolved solids

a measure of the concentration of all of the ions in solution

fresh

water with a TDS of 0-1000 ppm would be considered \_________

saline

water with a TDS of 10,000-100,000 would be considered \_________

brackish

water with a TDS of 1,000-10,000 would be considered \__________

5,000

The maximum TDS value suitable for livestock is \_______ mg/L

Na, Ca, K, Mg, Cl, HCO3, SO4, CO3

over 90% of dissolved solids in ground water are attributed to these 8 ions.

10

Arsenic is \#1 on the list of top 20 Hazardous substances and has a drinking water standard of \___ppb by the USEPA

DNAPLS(Dense Non-Aqueous phase liquids)

\__________ are derived from creosote, coal tar, PCB oils, and chlorinated solvents (type of groundwater contamination)

LNAPLS (Light Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid)

\____________are derived mainly from petroleum products (type of groundwater contamination)

PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons)

A large group of chemicals formed from incomplete combustion of coal, oil, gas, or garbage

2

a sand filter pack should be placed \___feet or less above the screen during well construction

bentonite pellets

a minimum of 2 feet of \__________ should be placed above the filter pack when in the saturated zone

0.005

The MCL on the EPA list for benzene is \_______ mg/L

0.005

The MCL on the EPA list for TCE is \__________mg/L

0.002

The MCL on the EPA list for Vinyl chloride is \_____ mg/L

A, 53

Type \__ soil, as defined by OSHA is primarily clay and has a maximum allowable angle from the horizontal of \___ degrees for excavations

C, 34

Type \__ soil, as defined by OSHA is primarily sandy and has a maximum allowable angle from the horizontal of \___ degrees for excavations

Shrinkage

For Atterberg limits, the boundary between the solid and semisolid states is called the \________ limit.