6.5-6.8 APHuG

Density Gradient

A gradual change in density of an urban area from the center to the periphery

Mixed-Use Development

Multi-story buildings with apartments on upper levels and retail or offices on the street level

• Street Level as customers can come into the space conveniently

• Apartments are on the higher levels so residents can enjoy a view and escape the sounds of the streets

High Density Areas

• Often use public transport and are closer to different goods and services

• Areas that invest in public transportation and urban planning can create a unique cultural landscape and vibrant communities that offer more social and economic opportunities

Areas with poor urban planning and lack quality public transport and infrastructure often have food deserts and a lack of opportunities

Medium Density Areas

Buildings begin to shrink and high-rise apartments shift to low-rise

Multi and Single family homes start to appear

People have room for a small yard

Close to High Density areas so there is limited space however often times they start to have more of a suburban feel

Restaurants and commercial spaces are spaced out from residential homes but still close

Have more diversity in the type of homes

• Townhomes, duplexes, triplexes, and single family homes are all in one neighborhood

Low Density Areas

Most space available

Homes are often single-family or a few low-rise apartments

Buildings go out horizontally rather than up

More Greenspaces, room for parking lots, and large roadways

• Allows residents to get around local area and get in and out of the larger urban areas

Increased commute times and dependence on personal vehicles

• Lack public transport

Infrastructure

The physical and organizational structures and facilities that are needed for a society system or organization

• Key to successful society as it has an impact on economic/social growth

Sustainability

The use of the Earth's resources in a way that ensures those resources will still be available in the future

Urban Sustainability

An urban environment that promotes sustainable economic and social growth will promotion environmentally sustainable

Economic Sustainability

Economic growth that is open to all residents and reduced negative impact on the environment

• These urban areas support small businesses, entrepreneurs, local development, and environmentally responsible businesses

Social Sustainability

Making sure a city has safe and inclusive communities for all residents that have access to affordable housing, education and healthcare

Mixed-Use Development

Allow for the mixing of residential, commercial, and sometimes industrial zones

Help create neighborhoods where you can work, live, and play in the same area

Lessen commute

• Promote walkable cities

Walkable Cities

City that is designed in a manner to decrease driving time and increase the amount of individuals who bike or walk

Using smart growth policies can ensure it is easier to walk

• Seek to create compact, walkable cities, mix use building development and zoning changes to reduce urban sprawl

Transit-Oriented Development

Urban planning that strategically locates public transit stations throughout a city to reduce dependence on automobiles and provide convenient and accessible public transportation options

• Decrease in traffic, increase in public transport

Smart Growth Policies

Urban policies that seek to reduce urban sprawl and protect farmland surrounding the city

• Achieves this goal by promoting mixed-use development, public transportation, and green areas

Greenbelt

An area of land that is set aside for conservation and recreational purposes traditionally found outside an urban area

• Help reduce Urban Sprawl

• Provide buffer between urban and rural areas

New Urbanism

Urban planning that seeks to create compact and wallaby cities that are sustainable and socially connected

• Greater focus on community design which leads to more pedestrian-friendly neighborhoods with integrated economic classes through a mixture of housing types and public spaces

De Facto Segregation

The separation of people along racial, ethnic, or socioeconomic lines that is not officially enforced by laws or regulations

Gentrification

The process of rebuilding, renovating, or revitalization an urban area, resulting in lower-income residents to become displaced and more affluent residents to move into the area

Slow Growth Cities

Urban areas that promote sustainable growth by limiting new development in the periphery of the city

• goal is to reduce urban sprawl and preserve open spaces and green areas

Growth Boundary

A boundary put in place to control urban sprawl, by only allowing development to occur inside the city

Infill Development

Building within an existing developed area on land that is unused or undeveloped

• Building occurs inside the urban area and in a way that does not expand the cities footprint outward

• Developing new buildings on vacant lots, converting old buildings, and redeveloping brownfield sites

Brownfield

An abandoned property that was previously been used for industrial or commercial use and is contaminated with hazardous pollutants.

Smart Cities

Cities that utilize technology and data to reduce inefficiencies, optimize resource usage, and improve the quality of life for its residents

• Reduce the amount of food imports by promoting Hydroponics and vertical farming

• Localize energy production through renewable energy such as solar panels and wind

• Promote electric vehicles

• Done through the integration of various systems that allow different aspects of the city to be connected

  • EX: when traffic lights and public transit systems line up

  • Allows the city to invest in infrastructure and pass new policies and target inefficient areas 

  • Reduce traffic

Burgess Concentric Zone Model

City Model: Chicago in the 1920’s

Burgess Concentric Zone Model Rings

1. Central Business District 

• Consists of different businesses and services

• Surrounded by older homes with the newest development being located furthest away from the CBD

2. Zone of Transition

• Where low-income residents are located

• Different Industries are located here as well

  • Unique to the US as in other countries, typically wealthy residents live near the CBD

3. Zone of Independent Workers’ Homes 

• Traditionally older homes that are occupied by those working in the CBD or Zone of Transition

4. Zone of Better Residences

• New homes that are more dispersed 

• People are more likely to live in a single family home and have yards

5. Commuter’s Zone

• Consists of people who live outside the city limits and commute into the city for work

Burgess Concentric Zone Model Changes

Outdated due to globalization, changes in production, and urban renewal policies and gentrification

• Change where people are living and working

• Changing the price of land, spatial patterns in the city, and use of different neighborhoods

Burgess Concentric Model Diagram

Hoyt Sector Model

Use CBD as a center point of model but there is a bigger focus on transportation

Cities develop in sectors or wedges

Based on different economic and environmental factors

• Industries and Businesses locate near the transportation routes so customers can quickly access them and allows for different industries to ship goods in and out of the area

Hoyt Sector Model Diagram

Changes in Hoyt Sector Model

Outdated as transportation systems change

• CBD no longer has the same importance it once did as people move to edge cities, boomburbs, etc.

  • Shifted location as business move towards their customers and take advantage of cheaper land

Multiple Nuclei Model

• Created around 1945

• Tries to explain how cities have changed due to advancements in technology and transportation

• Has multiple CBDs

• More complex layout with different activities and services gravitating to specific nodes

  • Each node attracts specific people, businesses, and services and repels other groups

  • EX: Part of a city with more industrial jobs will often see more people in those jobs live around that area. Same area will see less people working in corporate living near it.

Multiple Nuclei Model Diagram

Galactic (Peripheral) Model

Developed in 1960s

Looks at a post-industrial city

The economy is no longer based on manufacturing, rather service based

Also accounts for advancements in technology and transportation

Accounts for the fact that people now live further outside of the city and can travel into thanks to robust infrastructure

Acknowledges edge cities

Galactic City Model Diagram

Galactic City Model IRL Examples

Atlanta

• The CBD has a high pop. density with a clustering of Office buildings, skyscrapers, and other services

• Outside CBD is different residential areas

  • Multi-family homes, Single-Family home, and other suburban residential areas

• Has industrial zones on the outskirts of the CBD ad stretch to the city limits

  • Different manufacturing and distribution facilities which are connected by highways and other infrastructure to get goods in and out of the city

• The city has a beltway that goes around the entire city similar to this model

  • Extensive roadways and highways that allow connectedness to the CBD as well as the surrounding edge cities and boomburbs on the beltway

Latin American City Model

• Resembles aspects of the concentric zone and sector models

• Shows the impact of colonization

  • During colonial era, many cities were centered around a Central Plaza or Square, which was often surrounded by different government and religious buildings

  • Grid-pattern as time goes on

• CBD is located at the center of the model

  • However there is a spine extending outwards from the CBD

  • Spine consists of wealthier residents and high-end commercial activity

• Zone of Maturity: Consists of older homes and buildings

• Middle and Low income housing does not have the same access to services as the CBD and the spine do

• Disamenity Zone: Area where residents are living in extreme Poverty

  • Lack basic infrastructure

  • Informal Settlements form on the outside

  • Growing due to increased urbanization and a lack of available housing resources and capital

Latin American City Model Diagram

Latin American City Model Examples (Buenos Aires)

The spatial layout of a plaza remains in the city

Religious buildings are located very close nearby

Sub-Saharan City Model

• Resembles aspects of the concentric zone and sector models

• European Colonization makes an impact on the model

  • Bring grid pattern to the urban layout

• Has three distinct CBDs

  • Colonial CBD

    • Historic Corre

    • Mixed-use buildings, Colonial architecture, multi-story buildings, and narrow street patterns

    • Grid Pattern

  • Traditional CBD

    • Consists of different vendors and low-rise buildings

    • Mix of formal and informal economic activity

    • Grid pattern to long exists

  • Market Zone (Informal CBD)

    • Consists of informal markets and manufacturer

• Around the CBD are different ethnic neighborhoods and mixed neighborhoods

  • Shows these cities have a history of segregation

  • Many of the ethnic neighborhoods often have squatter areas and less access to wealth and services

  • Areas are divided by major roads that stretch across the city

  • Infrastructure near the city being the most robust

• Shanty towns and squatter settlements are located on the outskirts

  • Continue to expand as countries continue to experience a rise in their population (Stg. 2 & 3 of DTM)

  • High urbanization due to economic opportunities

Sub-Saharan City Model

Southeast Asian City Model

• Resembles aspects of the concentric zone and sector models

• Does not have a traditional CBD, Instead based around a Port

  • Geography of SE Asia as many of these cities are located on islands and peninsulas

  • Many of these cities developed as trading posts during the colonial era

  • These areas experience rapid urbanization as more manufacturing and industries developed. It was in best interest to have the center of the city’s commerce located at the port

• Influence of Colonial powers and Sovereign states

  • Alien Commercial Zones extend from the port and into the city

    • Created to stimulate and promote trade and investment from Western Countries. Sometimes referred to special economic zones

• Government is located next to the port and the special economic zones

  • Allowed the government to be a key player in the city’s commerce, cultural, and social activities

  • Allowed the government to keep tabs on what was happening in the ports and special economic zones

    • Wanted to prevent foreign influence

• Residential areas are not separated by socioeconomic class

  • Suburban areas and squatter settlements next to each other

  • Not all residential areas are mixed, there are some areas that are based on income

  • Newer suburban areas are becoming more mixed

• Agricultural and newer industrial production happens on the outside of the city.

Southeast Asian City Model Diagram