unit 1 terms

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42 Terms

1

linkage institutions

groups that connect people to national, state, and local government

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2

pluralism

politics is mainly a competition among groups fighting for their own preferred policies and the main idea is to make sure EVERYONE is heard

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3

hyper pluralism

groups are so strong and conflicted that government is weakened and can’t do anything

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4

elitism

societies are divided along class lines. the upper class or elites will ultimately rule

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5

articles of confederation

A loose league of republics, a weak national government, a strong state government, and each state is their own little country

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6

preamble

The introduction to the constitutions, states six goals. We the people shows us the consent of the governed.

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7

legislative branch

makes the laws and rules. House plus Senate equals Congress.

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8

executive branch

President; enforces laws

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9

judicial branch

supreme court: “is the law unconstitutional“

courts can punish or set free

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10

amending the constitution

requires 2/3 Senate, 2/3 house or ¾ states to ratify and approve amendment

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11

approve/ratify laws

when 9/13 of the states ratify it becomes law

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12

federalist papers

papers created by John J, Madison, Hamilton that support the constitution and provide evidence that support the constitution

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13

Brutus 1

A paper that was against the federalists NOT federalism in general

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14

shays rebellion

A series of armed attacks on courthouses for prevent foreclosures and nobody was able to stop them and that created even more dissatisfaction with the articles of confederation

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15

The first test of constitution enforcement

Marbury versus Madison

whiskey rebellion

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16

declaration of independence

The document that stated the grievances against the British monarch that the colonist were facing.

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17

John Locke

One of the most influential philosophers the founders of the declaration of independence read.

Locke believed in natural rights, consent of the governed, and limited government.

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18

factions

separate groups of people who share common beliefs

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19

Virginia plan

each state representation should be proportional to their population. House of Representatives

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20

New Jersey plan

each day gets two representatives no matter their size. senate

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21

enumerated powers

Powers only for the national government

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22

inherent powers

recognized by all sovereign nations

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23

reserved powers

10th amendment – all powers are not delegated to the national government. Police power – reserve to the states.

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24

concurrent powers

National and state can both use or have these powers

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25

McCulloch versus Maryland

affirm that the power of Congress – implied powers to carry out the expressed powers.

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26

dual federalism

National and state powers are divided and separate

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27

cooperative federalism

division of powers is not clear, responsibilities overlap between state and national government

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28

fiscal federalism

The national government using money to four states to comply with federal law

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29

devolution

giving powers back to the states.

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30

mandates

requirement for state or local government to comply with national law

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31

unfunded mandate

A mandate from the national government that does not provide funding, states must pay for it themselves

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32

underfunded mandate

not enough money given by government to fund the mandates

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33

Block Grant

States want this grant, national government gives sum of money to that state, states can use money for anything they want

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34

categorical grants

more specific on how states can spend the money, national government can tell states how to spend the money

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35

constitutional convention

where the constitution was created

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36

bicameral

The two legislative bodies in Congress, senate and House of Representatives

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37

writ of habeas corpus

protect citizens from illegal incarceration

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38

policy gridlock

when the government cannot do anything about two interest conflicting because a coalition cannot find a majority and establish policy

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39

Republic

A form of government that selects representatives to govern and create laws

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40

republicanism

theory of government that emphasizes the participation of citizens

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41

representative democracy

type of America democracy that elects leaders

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42

revenue sharing

when the national government allocate money to state in local government with very few oversights

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