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linkage institutions
groups that connect people to national, state, and local government
pluralism
politics is mainly a competition among groups fighting for their own preferred policies and the main idea is to make sure EVERYONE is heard
hyper pluralism
groups are so strong and conflicted that government is weakened and can’t do anything
elitism
societies are divided along class lines. the upper class or elites will ultimately rule
articles of confederation
A loose league of republics, a weak national government, a strong state government, and each state is their own little country
preamble
The introduction to the constitutions, states six goals. We the people shows us the consent of the governed.
legislative branch
makes the laws and rules. House plus Senate equals Congress.
executive branch
President; enforces laws
judicial branch
supreme court: “is the law unconstitutional“
courts can punish or set free
amending the constitution
requires 2/3 Senate, 2/3 house or ¾ states to ratify and approve amendment
approve/ratify laws
when 9/13 of the states ratify it becomes law
federalist papers
papers created by John J, Madison, Hamilton that support the constitution and provide evidence that support the constitution
Brutus 1
A paper that was against the federalists NOT federalism in general
shays rebellion
A series of armed attacks on courthouses for prevent foreclosures and nobody was able to stop them and that created even more dissatisfaction with the articles of confederation
The first test of constitution enforcement
Marbury versus Madison
whiskey rebellion
declaration of independence
The document that stated the grievances against the British monarch that the colonist were facing.
John Locke
One of the most influential philosophers the founders of the declaration of independence read.
Locke believed in natural rights, consent of the governed, and limited government.
factions
separate groups of people who share common beliefs
Virginia plan
each state representation should be proportional to their population. House of Representatives
New Jersey plan
each day gets two representatives no matter their size. senate
enumerated powers
Powers only for the national government
inherent powers
recognized by all sovereign nations
reserved powers
10th amendment – all powers are not delegated to the national government. Police power – reserve to the states.
concurrent powers
National and state can both use or have these powers
McCulloch versus Maryland
affirm that the power of Congress – implied powers to carry out the expressed powers.
dual federalism
National and state powers are divided and separate
cooperative federalism
division of powers is not clear, responsibilities overlap between state and national government
fiscal federalism
The national government using money to four states to comply with federal law
devolution
giving powers back to the states.
mandates
requirement for state or local government to comply with national law
unfunded mandate
A mandate from the national government that does not provide funding, states must pay for it themselves
underfunded mandate
not enough money given by government to fund the mandates
Block Grant
States want this grant, national government gives sum of money to that state, states can use money for anything they want
categorical grants
more specific on how states can spend the money, national government can tell states how to spend the money
constitutional convention
where the constitution was created
bicameral
The two legislative bodies in Congress, senate and House of Representatives
writ of habeas corpus
protect citizens from illegal incarceration
policy gridlock
when the government cannot do anything about two interest conflicting because a coalition cannot find a majority and establish policy
Republic
A form of government that selects representatives to govern and create laws
republicanism
theory of government that emphasizes the participation of citizens
representative democracy
type of America democracy that elects leaders
revenue sharing
when the national government allocate money to state in local government with very few oversights