unit 1 terms

linkage institutions

groups that connect people to national, state, and local government

pluralism

politics is mainly a competition among groups fighting for their own preferred policies and the main idea is to make sure EVERYONE is heard

hyper pluralism

groups are so strong and conflicted that government is weakened and can’t do anything

elitism

societies are divided along class lines. the upper class or elites will ultimately rule

articles of confederation

A loose league of republics, a weak national government, a strong state government, and each state is their own little country

preamble

The introduction to the constitutions, states six goals. We the people shows us the consent of the governed.

legislative branch

makes the laws and rules. House plus Senate equals Congress.

executive branch

President; enforces laws

judicial branch

supreme court: “is the law unconstitutional“

courts can punish or set free

amending the constitution

requires 2/3 Senate, 2/3 house or ¾ states to ratify and approve amendment

approve/ratify laws

when 9/13 of the states ratify it becomes law

federalist papers

papers created by John J, Madison, Hamilton that support the constitution and provide evidence that support the constitution

Brutus 1

A paper that was against the federalists NOT federalism in general

shays rebellion

A series of armed attacks on courthouses for prevent foreclosures and nobody was able to stop them and that created even more dissatisfaction with the articles of confederation

The first test of constitution enforcement

Marbury versus Madison

whiskey rebellion

declaration of independence

The document that stated the grievances against the British monarch that the colonist were facing.

John Locke

One of the most influential philosophers the founders of the declaration of independence read.

Locke believed in natural rights, consent of the governed, and limited government.

factions

separate groups of people who share common beliefs

Virginia plan

each state representation should be proportional to their population. House of Representatives

New Jersey plan

each day gets two representatives no matter their size. senate

enumerated powers

Powers only for the national government

inherent powers

recognized by all sovereign nations

reserved powers

10th amendment – all powers are not delegated to the national government. Police power – reserve to the states.

concurrent powers

National and state can both use or have these powers

McCulloch versus Maryland

affirm that the power of Congress – implied powers to carry out the expressed powers.

dual federalism

National and state powers are divided and separate

cooperative federalism

division of powers is not clear, responsibilities overlap between state and national government

fiscal federalism

The national government using money to four states to comply with federal law

devolution

giving powers back to the states.

mandates

requirement for state or local government to comply with national law

unfunded mandate

A mandate from the national government that does not provide funding, states must pay for it themselves

underfunded mandate

not enough money given by government to fund the mandates

Block Grant

States want this grant, national government gives sum of money to that state, states can use money for anything they want

categorical grants

more specific on how states can spend the money, national government can tell states how to spend the money

constitutional convention

where the constitution was created

bicameral

The two legislative bodies in Congress, senate and House of Representatives

writ of habeas corpus

protect citizens from illegal incarceration

policy gridlock

when the government cannot do anything about two interest conflicting because a coalition cannot find a majority and establish policy

Republic

A form of government that selects representatives to govern and create laws

republicanism

theory of government that emphasizes the participation of citizens

representative democracy

type of America democracy that elects leaders

revenue sharing

when the national government allocate money to state in local government with very few oversights