Cardiovascular and Nervous System Flashcards

Flashcards based on Cardiovascular and Nervous System Lecture Notes

The circulatory system includes the __.

Cardiovascular and lymphatic systems.

Oxygen comes from the __.

Respiratory system.

In the process of cellular respiration the cells generated __.

Carbon dioxide.

Food comes from the __.

Digestive system.

Waste goes into the circulatory system and moves to the __.

Urinary system.

__ are made in one cell and then put into the system to go to a specific target.

Hormones.

Another function of the circulatory system is __.

Immune response and clotting.

The cardiovascular system includes the __.

Heart and vessels.

__ are thick-walled vessels that move blood away from the heart.

Arteries.

__ are thick-walled vessels that move blood towards the heart.

Veins.

The area of exchange are the thin-walled vessels that are found between the arteries and veins called __.

Capillary beds.

Blood can be called __ meaning it has a lot of oxygen.

Oxygenated.

Blood can be called __ meaning it has a lot less oxygen.

Deoxygenated.

The heart is located in the __.

Thoracic cavity.

The heart outer layer is the __.

Visceral pericardium.

The visceral pericardium is surrounded by the __.

Pericardial sac.

The first arteries to come off the ascending aorta are the __.

Coronary arteries.

The right coronary artery branches into the __.

Posterior interventricular artery.

The blood returns to the __ by going through the cardiac vein to the coronary sinus.

Right atrium.

The left coronary artery branches into the __.

Circumflex artery and the anterior interventricular artery.

From the capillaries the blood goes to the cardiac vein, to the coronary sinus and to the __.

Right atrium.

The two upper chambers of the heart are called __.

Atria.

The two lower chambers of the heart are called __.

Ventricles.

The __ take deoxygenated blood into the right atrium.

Superior vena cava and inferior vena cava.

The __ is a large artery that moves the deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary arteries which then takes the blood to the lungs.

Pulmonary trunk.

The __ takes the oxygenated blood into the left atrium.

Pulmonary vein.

From the left ventricle the oxygenated blood is pumped into the __ and then to the rest of the body.

Aorta.

The wall of the heart is thick and consists of the superficial visceral layer or __.

Epicardium.

The wall of the heart consists of the thick __ which is made of cardiac muscle.

Myocardium.

The wall of the heart consists of the deep __ which is made of simple squamous epithelium and areolar tissue.

Endocardium.

Viewing the internal view of the heart shows that the four chambers are separated by walls called __.

Septa.

The two atria are separated from each other by the __.

Atrial septum.

The __ a mass of pacemaker cells in the wall of the right atrium that initiate the electrical impulse.

SA node.

The __ slows the impulse and the AV bundle, or Bundle of His.

Atrioventricular node.

The AV Bundle moves the impulse to the __ which allow the impulse to move from the bottom of the ventricles to the superior portion.

Purkinje fibers.

The two ventricles are separated by the __.

Ventricular septum.

The atria and ventricles are separated by the __.

Atrioventricular septa.

The __ is between the right atrium and the right ventricle.

Tricuspid.

The __ is between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk.

Pulmonary semilunar valve.

The __ is a valve between the left atrium and left ventricle.

Bicuspid or mitral.

The __ is between the left ventricle and the aorta.

Aortic semilunar valve.

__ refers to the heart is beating, the chambers are ejecting blood.

Systole.

__ means that the heart is resting and the chambers are filling with blood.

Diastole.

There are three arteries off the aortic arch, in order are the __.

Brachiocephalic trunk, the left common carotid and the left subclavian.

The brachial, down the arm, which branches into the __.

Radial and ulnar.

The left common carotid off the aortic arch branches into the __.

Internal and external carotids.

The celiac then goes to the __.

Gastric, splenic and hepatic.

At the pelvis the aorta branches into two common iliac arteries, which both branch into __.

External and internal iliac arteries.

The external iliac goes to the __.

Femoral, the popliteal around the knee, to the tibial and fibular.

The __ dumps blood into the right atrium of the heart.

Superior vena cava.

Directly moving blood into the IVC is the __ which comes from the liver.

Hepatic vein.

But the liver receives blood from the __ which in turn receives blood from the gastric, superior mesenteric and splenic veins.

Hepatic portal vein.

Arteries branch into smaller and smaller vessels like __ which lead to capillary beds.

Arterioles.

__ merge into larger vessels called veins.

Venules.

Looking at the layers of the artery shows a thick vessel made of the superficial __made of loose fibrous connective tissue.

Tunica externa.

Looking at the layers of the artery shows a thick vessel made of the middle __ made of smooth muscle.

Tunica media.

Looking at the layers of the artery shows a thick vessel made of the internal __ made of simple squamous epithelium.

Tunica interna.

Within the wall of the artery is the __, a capillary bed that allows for exchange.

Vasa vasorum.

Anatomically the nervous system is divided into two main categories, the __ nervous system.

Central and peripheral.

The CNS includes the __.

Brain and spinal cord.

The PNS moves information, called an __ , to and from the CNS.

Impulse or action potential.

The Division of the PNS works to bring information into the CNS and the Division refers to the parts that carry motor output.

Afferent and efferent.

The __ includes both somatic sensory neurons that bring information into the conscious part of the brain and voluntary motor output to skeletal muscle.

Somatic nervous system.

The __ controls involuntary responses, typically to maintain homeostasis.

Autonomic nervous system.

The Autonomic Nervous System can further be divided up into the __ division.

Parasympathetic and sympathetic.

A bundle of axons in the CNS is called a __.

Tract.

A bundle of axons in the PNS is called a __.

Nerve.

A group of neuron cell bodies in the CNS is a __.

Nucleus.

A group of neuron cell bodies in the PNS is a __.

Ganglion.

There are two categories of cells found in the Nervous System. These are __.

Neurons and neuroglia/glial cells.

__ are the largest and most numerous glial cells.

Astrocytes.

__ have extension that contact cell axons and wrap them in myelin which insulates the axon.

Oligodendrocytes.

__ protect the Nervous System by acting as phagocytes.

Microglia.

__ line the ventricles and help produce, circulate and monitor Cerebrospinal fluid.

Ependymal cells.

__ support ganglia in the peripheral nervous system by regulating exchange of nutrients and waste products.

Satellite cells.

__ cover axons forming myelin around the axon.

Schwann cells.

Each myelin sheaths is separated by an area with no myelin, called a __.

Node of Ranvier.

__ are the functional unit of the nervous system.

Neurons.

__ are the first part of the neuron to receive an impulse/action potential.

Dendrites.

The expanded region coming off the cell body is the __.

Axon hillock.

The __ is an extension that comes off the cell body and moves the impulse on to the next structure.

Axon.

Branches coming off the axon are called __.

Collaterals.

Each collaterals ends with fine extensions called __.

Telodendria.

The three functional types of neurons found in the nervous system are __.

Sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons.

__ move information from sensory receptors to the CNS.

Sensory neurons.

__ are found between sensory and motor neurons.

Interneurons.

__ move information from the Central Nervous System and send it to a gland or muscle to stimulate change.

Motor neurons.

A __ is where a neuron meets another cell and it’s the place where a neuron communicates with another cell.

Synapse.

The axon of the neuron before the synapse is called the __ part.

Pre-synaptic and post-synaptic.

The most common type of synapse is a __ where the axon terminal contains vesicles that contain neurotransmitters.

Chemical synapse.

The main neurotransmitter used is __.

ACh (acetylcholine).

Another type of synapse is an __ and are relatively rare and are between neurons of the CNS and neurons of the PNS.

Electrical synapse.

Plasma membranes have a __, which is an electrical charge due to uneven ion distribution across the membrane.

Membrane potential.

Groups of neurons with a specific function are organized into what is called a __.

Neuronal pool.

Neuronal pools have specific wiring patterns called __.

Neural circuits.

__ results in broad distribution of specific information, it spreads out.

Divergence.

__ occurs when one function can be controlled by different regions.

Convergence.

__ moves information stepwise.

Serial processing.

__ is a circuit when the same information is processed by many different cells or pools at the same time.

Parallel processing.

__ results in positive feedback.

Reverberation.