PHA619 LEC: Ointments, Creams, and Gels

topical

one that is designed to deliver the drug into the skin in the treatment of skin disorders in which the skin is the target organ.

Topical applications

can be designed to have either local or systemic effects.

transdermal product

is intended to deliver drugs to the general circulation via the skin for systemic effects (with the skin as the target organ).

Topicals

Preparations applied to the skin either for their physical effects or for the specific effect of a medicinal agent

Protectants, lubricants, emollients, drying agents, astringents

Transdermal

Designed to deliver drugs through the skin to the general circulation for systemic effects, with the skin not being the target organ.

Ointment

are semisolid preparations that are applied to the skin or mucous membranes externally

Ointment

A semisolid dosage form with less than 20% water and volatiles and more than 50% hydrocarbons, waxes, or polyols as the vehicle.

can be medicated or unmedicated.

Ointment

that are not medicated are used for the physical effects they provide as protectants, emollients, or lubricants.

Ointment

Petroleum Jelly

Lanolin

Rectal ointments

Katinko

Sebo de Macho

Cream

are semisolid preparations containing one or more medicinal agents dissolved or dispersed in either water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion or an oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion or in another type of water-washable base.

creams

Many patients and physicians prefer _ than ointments because they are easier to spread and remove.

creams

have a relatively soft, spreadable consistency.

are generally described as either non washabl

creams

are opaque, soft solids or thick liquids that are applied to the skin.

creams

Cold Cream

Vanishing Cream

Ceramide Cream

Antifungal Cream

Gel

are semisolid systems composed of suspensions of small inorganic particles or large organic molecules that are interpenetrated by a liquid vehicle that has been made jelly-like by the addition of a gelling agent.

Gel

also known as jellies

Gel

Collagen Gels

Aloe Vera Soothing Gel

Lubricant

Aluminum Hydroxide Gel

Single-phase gels

gels in which macromolecules are uniformly distributed throughout a liquid with no apparent boundaries between the dispersed macromolecules and the liquid

Two-phase gels

a gel mass consisting of floccules of small distinct particles is termed a two-phase system, often referred to as “magma” or “milk of magnesia”.

Paste

semisolid dosage forms containing one or more drug substances intended for topical use.

Paste

It typically contains a high concentration of solids (20% to 50%) and has a stiff consistency. It is intended for use on the skin, oral cavity, and mucous membranes.

Paste

It is a topical semisolid formulation containing a pharmacologically active ingredient in a fatty base, a viscous or mucilaginous base, or a mixture of starch and petrolatum

Paste

due to their stiffness, remain in place after application and are effective at absorbing serous secretions.

Paste

are not suitable for application to hairy areas of the body due to their stiffness and impenetrability

Plaster

is a solid or semisolid mass supplied on a backing material such as paper, fabric, moleskin, or plastic and intended for prolonged skin contact.

Plaster

_ that are not medicated provide protection or mechanical support at the site of application. Adhesive tape used to be officially known as adhesive .., owing to its widespread use.

Plaster

Salicylic Acid Plaster

Band-aids

Corn Plaster

Cerates

are an unctuous, often medicated, external application preparation composed of lard or oil mixed with wax, rosin, or the like, particularly one that has a firmer consistency than a typical ointment and does not melt when in contact with the skin.

Cerates

They are ointments with a wax addition that gives them a firmer consistency and a higher melting point.

cerates

Turner’s Cerates

Goulard’s Cerates

Toilet Cerates

Novena Cerates

Cataplasm

also known as poultice

Cataplasm

a soft, moist mass that is spread on a cloth and then applied to the skin to treat various ailments such as insect bites, arthritis, boils, infections, and more.

Cataplasm

It is a soft, moist mass of meal, herbs, seeds, and so on, usually applied hot on a cloth with a gruel-like consistency.

Cataplasm

are used to treat inflammation, itching, muscle pain and spasms, desalination (removing salt from seawater), and joint pain in horses.

cement

is a sticky or mucilaginous substance that hardens into a firm mass and aids in the adhesion of neighboring tissue cells

cement

It refers to any of a number of dental materials that are used to fill cavities or to hold bridgework or other dental prostheses in place.

Glycerogelatin

are plastic masses that contain gelatin (15%), glycerin (40%), water (35%), and a medicinal substance (10%), such as zinc oxide

Glycerogelatin

long-term skin applications

Glycerogelatin

They are melted before application, cooled to slightly above body temperature, and then applied with a fine brush to the affected area.

Dressings

It is the application of material to a wound for protection, absorbance, drainage, and other purposes, which can be therapeutic (medicated) or protective (unmedicated) material that is applied to a wound.

Biologic Dressing

used to prevent infection and fluid loss after a burn or other large denuded area of skin is treated

Biologic Dressing

Ex: Medihoney

Hydrocolloid Dressings

Wafers or granules of hydrocolloid dressings containing particles that interact with wound to absorb the exudate by forming a gel.

Pressure Dressings

g is a technique in which pressure is applied to the covered area to prevent fluid accumulation in the underlying tissues;

protective dressing

is a light dressing used to protect against injury or infection.

Ointment bases

may be used for their physical effects such as protectants or lubricants for ointments and creams or as vehicles for medicated ointments by dissolving or dispersing the bases as fine powders.

Oleaginous Bases

Synonym: Hydrocarbon bases

Oleaginous Bases

They have an emollient effect on the skin, protect against moisture loss, work well as occlusive dressings, may stay on the skin for long periods of time without drying out, and are difficult to remove due to their water immiscibility

Oleaginous Bases

Hydrocarbon

Emollient

Occlusive

Not water washable

Cannot absorb water

Oleaginous Bases

Hydrocarbon ointment bases include petrolatum, white petrolatum, white ointment, and yellow ointment

Absorption

Bases that permit the incorporation of aqueous solutions resulting in the formation of water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions or permit water incorporation to become W/O emulsion

Emulsion absorption bases

Bases that are W/O emulsions (syn. emulsion bases) that permit the incorporation of additional quantities of aqueous solutions

Absorption bases

These bases can be used as emollients, but they do not provide the same level of occlusion as oleaginous bases.

can be used as pharmaceutical additives to incorporate small amounts of aqueous solutions into hydrocarbon bases

Water-removable Bases

Oil-in-water emulsions (creams); Emulsifying bases; Water-washable bases

Water-removable Bases

These bases can be diluted with water or other aqueous solutions. They can absorb serous discharges (any fluid that resembles serum). These bases, like other bases, are used as emollients, vehicles for liquids, and vehicles for solids and drugs. Because of their surface active property, they are used to facilitate contact with skin and medications

Water-soluble Bases

Synonyms: Greaseless bases

Water-soluble Bases

They are primarily used for the incorporation of solid substances. Unlike other bases, they contain only water soluble components making them completely washable, but they can be incorporated effectively into aqueous solutions

Ointment

Used to treat dry, scaly skin

Example: Cerave Moisturizing Cream (Dry skin application)

Cream

Used to treat weeping or oozing skin

Example: Amcinonide 1% Lotion (For Weeping Eczema)

Lotion

Used to treat areas where friction may occur, such as between the thighs or under the armpit Example: Nivea, Aveeno

Incorporation

The components are mixed until a uniform preparation is attained

Incorporation

Ointment Mill and Unguator

Fusion

Act or procedure of liquefying or melting by the application of heat

Microbial Content

• Topical applications are not required to be sterile (except for ophthalmic preparations)

• Must meet acceptable standards for microbial content, and preparations prone to microbial growth must contain or be preserved with antimicrobial preservatives.

• Preparations that contain water tend to support microbial growth to a greater extent than water-free preparations

Minimum Fill Labeling

• Contents fill weight match labeled amount.

• Determination of the net weight or volume of the contents of filled containers to ensure proper contents compared with the labeled amount.

Jars

Should be made out of glass or plastic

Collapsible Tubes

Should be made out of plastic, metal - tin or aluminum

Passive Diffusion

used to describe the passage of drug molecules through a membrane that does not actively participate in the process

Ophthalmic Ointments

• Must be sterile

• Sterilization of ointments more difficult than solutions

• Must pass test for metal particles

  • Microscopic examination of melted ointment

• Must be packaged in collapsible tubes

• Ointments have narrow tip

Cornea

A three-layered structure with a lipophilic epithelial layer, a hydrophilic stromal layer, and a less lipophilic endothelial layer on the inside.

Conjunctiva

Thin membrane covering the surface of the eyeball, and folds back itself to cover the sclera

Sclera

Thick white layer of dense connective tissues that covers most of the eyeball

Nasal Preparation

Solutions or suspensions administered by drops as a fine mist from a nasal spray container, including aerosol with a mered valve

Rectal Preparation

Absorbs by diffucusion in to the general circulqation via the network hemorrhoidal arteries and accompanying veins in the anal canal. The rectal route is used for systemic absorption of therapeutic levels of certain drugs

Vaginal Preparation

Applied or inserted in the vagina to treat vaginal conditions. Antibacterial or antifungal agents, treating infections or contains agetns that relieve menopausal symptoms