Lever Systems and Respiratory System

Flashcards about GCSE resources, lever systems, the respiratory system, effects of exercise, aerobic and anaerobic exercise, lung volumes, planes and axes of movement, and gaseous exchange.

Lever Systems

Help the body move; efficiency is measured by mechanical advantage.

Mechanical Advantage

Measures how efficient a lever is at moving heavy loads; can be high or low depending on fulcrum position.

First Class Lever

Effort-Load-Fulcrum arrangement; used in elbow extension.

Mechanical Advantage Formula

Calculated as effort arm divided by weight (resistance) arm.

Second Class Lever

High mechanical advantage; used in plantar flexion and dorsiflexion.

Pathway of Air

Nose/mouth, trachea, bronchus, bronchioles, alveoli.

Breathing In

Diaphragm and external intercostals contract, ribcage moves upwards, chest cavity expands, air pressure in lungs decreases.

Breathing Out

Diaphragm and external intercostals relax, ribcage moves down, chest cavity shrinks, air pressure in lungs increases.

Cardiac Output

Heart rate times stroke volume.

Stroke Volume

Volume of blood pumped per ventricle, per contraction.

Heart Rate

Number of heartbeats per minute.

Short-Term Effects of Exercise

Hot and sweaty, lactic acid build-up, fatigue, EPOC (oxygen debt), breathe faster and deeper, higher heart rate/stroke volume/cardiac output, redistribution of blood, sick, light-headed.

Long-Term Effects of Exercise

DOMS or cramps, muscle hypertrophy, stronger ligaments and tendons, increased speed/cardiovascular endurance/stamina, bigger/stronger heart.

Aerobic Exercise Equation

Glucose + O2 yields CO2 + Water + Energy.

Anaerobic Exercise Equation

Glucose yields Energy + Lactic acid.

Aerobic

Using oxygen.

Anaerobic

Without oxygen.

Lung Volumes

Residual volume, tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume.

Spirometer Trace

Shows the volume of air in your lungs.

Changes During Exercise (Lung Volumes)

Tidal volume and breathing rate increase.

Planes of Movement

Sagittal, Transverse, Frontal.

Axes of Movement

Longitudinal.

Gaseous Exchange

Diffusion of CO2 and O2 between alveoli and capillaries.

In Capillary (Gaseous Exchange)

Low concentration of O2, High concentration of CO2.

In Alveolus (Gaseous Exchange)

High concentration of O2, Low concentration of CO2.

Third Class Lever

Low mechanical advantage; used in elbow flexion and shoulder, hip, and knee flexion and extension.

Efficient Gas Exchange

Large surface area, thin walls, and a good blood supply.