Human Development Ch3

Corpus Luteum

Secretes progesterone to support early pregnancy or menstruation if fertilization does not occur.

Amniotic Fluid

Protective liquid surrounding a developing fetus in the amniotic sac, providing cushioning, temperature regulation, and essential nutrients for growth.

Amnion

A thin membrane that surrounds and protects a baby in the womb.

Ectoderm

The outer layer of cells in an embryo that forms the skin, brain, and nerves.

Mesoderm

The middle layer of cells in an embryo that forms muscles, bones, and blood vessels.

Endoderm

The inner layer of cells in an embryo that forms the lungs, liver, and digestive system.

Vernix

A white, creamy coating on a baby's skin that protects it in the womb.

Lanugo

Soft, fine hair that covers a baby's body before birth to help keep it warm.

Prescription drugs

Prescription drugs can harm a fetus by causing birth defects or developmental issues, so pregnant women should consult their doctor before taking any medications. 

tobacco

can lead to premature birth, low birth weight, and developmental issues, so avoiding smoking and secondhand smoke is essential for a healthy pregnancy. 

Prescription Drugs

Can harm a fetus by causing birth defects or developmental issues; pregnant women should consult their doctor before taking any medications.

Rubella

A virus that can cause serious birth defects like deafness, heart problems, and developmental delays; vaccination is recommended before pregnancy.

Toxoplasmosis

An infection that can cause brain damage, vision problems, and other birth defects; pregnant women should avoid handling cat litter.

what determines if a teratogen will harm a fetus?

timing, dose, genetics, mothers health

Vitamins during Pregnancy

folic acid.

Rh Factor Incompatibility

Occurs when an Rh-negative mother carries an Rh-positive baby, potentially leading to complications.

First Stage of Childbirth

Begins with contractions and ends when the cervix is fully dilated; has three phases: early labor, active labor, transition phase.

Second Stage of Childbirth

The delivery of the baby, where the mother pushes the baby through the birth canal.

Third Stage of Childbirth

The delivery of the placenta, usually occurring within 5-30 minutes after the baby's birth.

cortisol

Supports lung development and helps clear fluid from the lungs to prepare for breathing air. 

stress hormones- catecholamines- adrenaline & noradrenaline

These help the baby cope with the stress of birth, increase heart rate, and improve blood flow to vital organs like the brain and heart. 

glucose regulation

Hormones help the baby mobilize stored energy for the transition from the placenta to independent feeding. 

thermoregulation

Hormones help activate brown fat stores to generate heat and keep the baby warm after birth. 

Apgar Score

A quick assessment of a newborn’s health based on criteria such as skin color, heart rate, reflexes, muscle tone, and breathing.

Preterm Infants

Infants born before 37 weeks of gestation, often facing challenges such as breathing difficulties and weak immune systems.

Eye Blink Reflex

Protects infant from strong stimulation.

Rooting Reflex

Infant’s head turns toward the source of stimulation, helping the infant find food.

Sucking Reflex

Permits feeding.

Moro Reflex

An “embracing” motion; may have helped infants cling to their mothers.

Palmar Grasp Reflex

Infant grasps a finger, preparing for voluntary grasping.

Tonic Neck Reflex

Infant lies in a “fencing position,” potentially preparing for voluntary movement.

Stepping Reflex

Prepares the infant for voluntary walking.

babinski

A reflex where an infant's toes fan out when the sole of the foot is stroked

SIDS risks

born premature, low body weight, brain abnormalities, respitory infections, male infants

touch

most developed sense, helps w bonding

taste

well developed, can distinguish different flavors

sound

babies prefer rhytmic sounds

vision

least developed, 8 - 12 in the best they can see