PSY 120: Exam 3 Study Guide

motivation

describes the wants or needs that direct behavior toward a goal

intrinsic motivation

(arising from internal factors); performed because of the sense of personal satisfaction that they bring

extrinsic motivation

(arising from external factors); performed in order to receive something from others

instinct

species-specific pattern of behavior that is not learned

homeostasis

tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system

over justification effect

the hypothesis that extrinsic motivation can supplant pre-existing intrinsic motivation

Masclow's Hierarchy of Needs

physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self-actualization

Drive theory

deviations from homeostasis create physiological needs that result in psychological drive states that direct behavior to meet the need and ultimately bring the system back to homeostasis

primary drive

biological and innate

secondary drive

conditioned and learned

habit

pattern of behavior in which we regularly engage

optimal arousal theory

organisms are motivated to achieve and maintain an optimal level of arousal

self-determined theory

We are motivated by intrinsic goals, and want to feel like we are in control of out destiny

Yerkes - Dodson law

which holds that a simple task is performed best when arousal levels are relatively high and complex tasks that are best performed when arousal levels are lower

approach goals

goals we seek or aspire toward (trying to become good at a sport)

avoidance goals

Goals we want to avoid. (avoiding public embarrassment, financial ruin)

performance goals

performing well in front of others,being judged well

mastery goals

Increasing competence and skills
(Hitting the ball well, even when nobody's watching)

approach-aproach conflict

a choice must be made between two attractive goals

avoidance-avoidance conflict

Choice between two appealing activities or goals

approach-avoidance conflict

Choice has both positive and negative outcomes

self-efficacy

One's belief in his or her own ability.

Satiation

fullness; satisfaction

Leptin

satiety hormone

metabolic rate

amount of energy that is expended in a given period of time

set point theory

asserts that each individual has an ideal body weight, or set point, which is resistant to change

overweight

25-29.9

obese

BMI of 30 or higher

morbid obesity

BMI) of 40 or greater

bariatric surgery

surgery specifically aimed at weight reduction

bulimia nervosa

an eating disorder in which a person alternates binge eating (usually of high-calorie foods) with purging (by vomiting or laxative use) or fasting

binge eating disorder

significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa

distorted body image

individuals view themselves as overweight even though they are not

James-Lange Theory

emotion asserts that emotions arise of psychological arousal

Cannon-Bard Theory

psychological arousal and emotion experience occur at the same time

Schachter-Singer Theory

A theory of emotion that states that both physiological arousal and cognitive appraisal must occur before an emotion is consciously experienced.

polygraph

lie detector

cognitive-mediational theory

theory of emotion in which a stimulus must be interpreted (appraised) by a person in order to result in a physical response and an emotional reaction

basolateral complex

part of the brain with dense connections with a variety of sensory areas of the brain; it is critical for classical conditioning and attaching emotional value to memory

bisexual

emotional and erotic attractions to both same-sexed individuals and opposite-sexed individuals

body language

emotional expression through body position or movement

components of emotion

physiological arousal, psychological appraisal, and subjective experience

cultural display rule

one of the culturally specific standards that govern the types and frequencies of emotions that are acceptable

emotion

subjective state of being often described as feelings

exceitement

phase of the sexual response cycle that involves sexual arousal

facial feedback hypothesis

facial expressions are capable of influencing our emotions

gender dysphoria

diagnostic category in DSM-5 for individuals who do not identify as the gender associated with their biological sex

gender identity

the individual's sense of being male or female

heterosexual

emotional, romantic, and/or erotic attractions to opposite-sex individuals

Plateu

phase of the sexual response cycle that falls between excitement and orgasm

refactory period

time immediately following an orgasm during which an individual is incapable of experiencing another orgasm

resolution

phase of the sexual response cycle following orgasm during which the body returns to its unaroused state

sexual orientation

emotional and erotic attraction to same-sexed individuals, opposite-sexed individuals, or both

sexual response cycle

divided into 4 phases including excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

transgender hormone therapy

use of hormones to make one's body look more like the opposite-sex

anal stage

psychosexual stage in which children experience pleasure in their bowel and bladder movements

analytical psychology

Jung's theory focusing on the balance of opposing forces within one's personality and the significance of the collective unconscious

Archetype

pattern that exists in our collective unconscious across cultures and societies

collective unconscious

common psychological tendencies that have been passed down from one generation to the next

congruene

state of being In which out thoughts about our real and ideal selves are very similar

conscious

mental activity (thoughts, feelings, and memories) that we can access at any time

Contemporized-Themes Concerning Blacks Test (C-TCB)

projective test designed to be culturally relevant to African Americans, using images that relate to African-American culture

Culture

all of the beliefs, customs, art, and traditions of a particular society

defense mechanisms

ego defense mechanism in which a person transfers inappropriate urges or behaviors toward a more acceptable or less threatening target

ego

aspect of personality that represents the self, or the part of one's personality that is visible to others

Five Factor Model

theory that personality is composed of five factors or traits, including openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism- Costa and McRae

genital stage

psychosexual stage in which the focus is on mature sexual interests

Heritability

proportion of difference amount people that is attribute to genetics

Id

aspect of personality that consists of our most primitive drives or urges, including impulses for hunger, thirst, and sex

ideal self

person we would like to be

incogruence

state of being in which there Is a great discrepancy between our real and ideal selves

individual psychology

school of psychology proposed by Adler that focuses on our drive to compensate for feelings of inferiority

inferiorty complex

refers to a persons feelings that they lack worth and don't measure up to others or to society's standards

latency period

psychosexual stage in which sexual feelings are dormant

locus of control

beliefs about the power we have over our lives; an external locus of control is the belief that our outcomes are outside of our control; an internal locus of control is the belief that we control our own outcomes

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

personality test composed of a series of true/false questions in order to establish a clinical profile of an individual

neurosis

tendency to experience negative emotions

oral stage

psychosexual stage in which an infant's pleasure is focused on the mouth

Personality

long-standing traits and patterns that propel individuals to consistently think, feel, and behave in specific ways

phallic stage

psychosexual stage that focuses on the genitals

Projection

ego defense mechanism in which a person confronted with anxiety disguises their unacceptable urges or behaviors by attributing them to other people

projective test

personality assessment in which a person responds to ambiguous stimuli, revealing hidden feelings, impulses, and desires

psychosexual stages of development

stages of child development in which a child's pleasure-seeking urges are focused on specific areas of the body called erogenous zones

Rationalization

ego defense mechanism in which a person confronted with anxiety makes excuses to justify behavior

reaction formation

ego defense mechanism in which a person confronted with anxiety swaps unacceptable urges or behaviors for their opposites

real self

person who we actually are

reciprocal determinism

belief that one's environment can determine behavior, but at the same time, people can influence the environment with both their thoughts and behaviors

Regression

ego defense mechanism in which a person confronted with anxiety returns to a more immature behavioral state

Repression

ego defense mechanism in which anxiety-related thoughts and memories are kept in the unconscious

Rorshach inkblot technique

projective test that employs a series of symmetrical inkblot cards that are presented to a client by a psychologist in an effort to reveal the persons unconscious desires, fears, and struggles

Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank (RISB)

projective test that is similar to a word association test in which a person completes sentences in order to reveal their unconscious desires, fears, and struggles

selective migration

concept that people choose to move to places that are compatible with their personalities and needs

self-concept

our thoughts and feelings about ourselves

social cognitive theory

Bandura's theory of personality that emphasizes both cognition and learning as sources of individual differences in personality

sublimation

ego defense mechanism in which unacceptable urges are channeled into more appropriate activities

superego

aspect of the personality that serves as one's moral compass, or conscience

TEMAS Multicultural Thematic Apperception Test

projective test designed to be culturally relevant to minority groups, especially Hispanic youths, using images and storytelling that relate to minority culture

temperament

how a person reacts to the world, including their activity level, starting when they are very young

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

projective test in which people are presented with ambiguous images, and they then make up stories to go with the images in an effort to uncover their unconscious desires, fears, and struggles

traits

characteristic ways of behaving