topic 13 plant reproduction

Monoecious Flower

• It shows how some plants have both male and female flowers on the same plant.

• One plant can make both pollen and egg cells, so it can self-pollinate or cross-pollinate.

Dioecious Flower

• Male and female flowers are on different plants.

• One plant makes only pollen, and another plant makes only eggs. They must be close to each other to pollinate.

Gametophyte

• haploid

• produces gametes (egg and sperm)

Sporophyte

• diploid

• produces spores

Pollination

• he crucial process of transferring pollen (containing male genetic material) from a flower's male part (anther) to its female part (stigma), enabling fertilization, seed production, and plant reproduction, often assisted by agents like insects, wind, or water, leading to fruits and new plants.

self pollination

• Pollen lands on the same flower or another flower of the same plant.

Cross-pollination

Pollen goes to a different plant of the same species.

• wind

• insects

• bats

• birds

Agents of pollination:

Double Fertilization

One sperm makes the baby plant.
The other sperm makes the baby plant’s food supply.

Endosperm

• A multinucleated cell that becomes nutritious tissue.

• stored food that helps the seedling grow after germination.

Embryo

• forms the zygote

• the baby plant grows inside the seed and gets nutrients through the suspensor

Terminal cell

• becomes most of the embryo

Basal Cell

• forms a suspensor (like an umbilical cord) that brings nutrients to the embryo

Fruit Development

• the fertilization triggers its formation

• ovey wall becomes the pericarp

• it only forms when fertilization happens, because it protects the seed