AP Biology Unit 3 Study Guide

primary enzyme structural level

order of amino acids

primary enzyme structural level bonds

covalent bonds called peptide bonds

secondary enzyme structural level

interaction between amino acid backbones forming alpha helices or beta pleats

secondary enzyme structural level bonds

hydrogen bonds

tertiary enzyme structural level

interaction between R chains of amino acids and their environment causing the chain to fold up on itself

tertiary enzyme structural level bonds

hydrogen bonds, covalent bonds, ionic bonds, disulfide bridges

quartenary enzyme structural level

two or more tertiary proteins boned together

quartenary enzyme structural level bonds

hydrogen bonds, covalent bonds, Van der Waals forces

conformational shape change

a change in the enzyme’s shape

denaturing

the breaking of hydrogen bonds that hold enzymes together causing it to lose its 3D shape (secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures)

impact of temperature, pH, and salinity on Enzyme structure and function

will cause the hydrogen bonds to break and unravel the enzyme stopping the chemical reactions

activation energy and reaction rate correlation

as activation energy decreases, reaction rate increases

what happens to enzymes after reactions?

enzymes can be reused over and over again- as substrates (reactants) are acted upon they are converted into products

how does the primary structure of an enzyme lead to its overall shape?

determines which amino acids will interact with each other and with the environment causing the enzyme to fold into its final shape

inhibition

to stop or prevent

what would happen to cellular respiration if enzymes were denatured?

no ATP would be produced

what would happen to photosynthesis if enzymes were denatured?

no sugars would be produced

what happens to cells without energy?

they die

cellular respiration equation

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP

anaerobic stages of cellular respiration

glycolysis

aerobic stages of cellular respiration

pyruvate oxidation, Kreb’s Cycle, electron transport chain

glycolysis location

cytoplasm (eukaryotes & prokaryotes)

pyruvate oxidation location

mitochondira matrix (eukaryotes) & cytoplasm (prokaryotes)

Kreb’s Cycle location

mitochondira matrix (eukaryotes) & cytoplasm (prokaryotes)

ETC location

mitochondria cristae/inner membrane (eukaryotes) & along plasma membrane (prokaryotes)

glycolysis reactants

glucose, NAD+, ATP

pyruvate oxidation reactants

pyruvate, NAD+

Kreb’s Cycle reactants

Acetyl-CoA, NAD+, FAD

ETC reactants

NADH, FADH₂, oxygen, ADP, P₁

glycolysis products

pyruvate, NADH, ATP

pyruvate oxidation products

Acetly-CoA, NADH, carbon dioxide

Kreb’s Cycle products

NADH, FADH₂, ATP, carbon dioxide

ETC products

NAD+, FAD, ATP, water

how does the ETC function to produce ATP?

NADH & FADH₂ drop electrons which power the active transport of H+ into the intermembrane space creating a proton gradient. Then the H+ falls through ATP Synthase (passive transport) which drives the phosphorylation of ADP into ATP

lactic acid fermentation organisms

animals, some bacteria, some fungi, some protists

lactic acid fermentation reactants

pyruvate, NADH

lactic acid fermentation products

lactic acid, NAD+, ATP

alcohol fermentation organisms

some bacteria, yeast & some other fungi, some protists

alcohol fermentation reactants

pyruvate, NADH

alcohol fermentation products

ethyl alcohol (ethanol), carbon dioxide, NAD+, ATP

fermentation

anaerobic process

photosynthesis equation

6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

what things can impact the rate of photosynthesis?

light intensity, light color, carbon dioxide concentration, water concentration, temperature, pH, salinity

light dependent reactions location

thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast (eukaryotes) & plasma membrane (prokaryotes)

light dependent reactions reactants

light photons, water, NADP+, ADP, P_i

light dependent reactions products

oxygen gas, NADPH, ATP

calvin cycle location

stroma of the chloroplast (eukaryotes) & cytoplasm (prokaryotes)

calvin cycle reactants

NADPH, ATP, carbon dioxide, RuBP

calvin cycle products

ADP, NADP+, G3P

what is waters role in Photosystem II?

Water molecules donate electrons to photosystem II, causing the water molecules to split into oxygen gas and H+

What is made because of Photosystem II and the ETC?

ATP is produced from the proton gradient created as H+ fill the thylakoid space

What is made because of Photosystem I?

NADPH is made as NADP+ serves as the final electron acceptor in the ETC and collects the H+ that fall through ATP Synthase

Electron transport chain - What would happen if the membrane were permeable to H+?

Less ATP would be produced if H+ could cross the membrane without falling through ATP Synthase

What does carbon fixation mean?

Carbon fixation is conversion of inorganic carbon from carbon dioxide into organic molecules

Where does the energy come from to power the Calvin cycle?

The energy comes from the ATP and NADPH created during the light dependent reactions

acidic pH

0-6

neutral pH

7

alkaline pH

8-14

what is happening and why?

Reactions are slow at first because of slow molecular movement in cold temps. It speeds up as molecules move faster with increasing temperatures. Beyond the optimum temperature, the enzymes denature and the reactions stop

what is happening and why?

Reactions are low above and below the optimum pH because the H+ and OH- ions denature the enzymes outside this range, stopping the reactions.

what is happening and why?

Reaction rate slows because all of the substrates have been converted into products

how can you increase the rate of reactions beyond the plateau?

add more substrate

what is happening and why?

Reaction rate slows because all enzymes are saturated with substrates, so no additional reactions can happen

How can you increase the rate of reaction beyond the plateau?

add more enzyme