Earth Sci Mod 1 - Mod 14

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Water

Dissolves and transports chemicals within, to, and from a cell.

W.A.T.E.N.

Water, Atmosphere. Temperature, Energy, Nutrients

Atmosphere

The gaseous layer that covers the Earth. Composed of 78% N, 21% O2, 0.9% Ar and other gases.

Shields surface from UV radiation, traps heat, and prevents extreme temp. differences between day and night.

Temperature

Influences how quickly atoms and molecules move.

Energy

This is in the form of heat and light that are used by organisms to carry out their life processes (Photosynthesis). Too little/much will kill cells.

Nutrients

Used as building blocks and to maintain an organism’s body.

Big Bang Theory

Accepted Theory that says the universe expanded from a tiny, dense, and hot mass 13.8 billion years ago.

Protoplanet Hypothesis

Accepted Theory that says the origin of our solar system was a slowly rotating gas and dust cloud that contracted due to gravity.

Theory of the creation of the Moon

A large object collided with Primitive Earth and the shattered remains formed the Moon.

System

A set of interconnected components that are interacting to form a unified whole. Composed of subsystems.

Closed System

A system wherein there is only an exchange of energy, not matter

Biosphere

Subsystem of earth that includes all life forms on earth.

Subsystem where we can find humans, plants, animals, etc.

Prokaryotes

Earliest life forms on earth that are uni-celled organisms.

Chemosynthesis

The biological process where in oxidization of chemicals from hydrothermal vents to produce food.

Troposphere

Lowest part of the atmosphere

Contains most weather

Airplanes fly here

Tropopause

boundery between stratosphere and troposphere

Stratosphere

Contains the ozone layer

Mesosphere

Middle layer of the atmosphere

Friction burns up meteors and asteroids on this layer

Coldest area of earth’s atmosphere

Thermosphere

Hottest layer of the atmosphere as this layer absorbs the sun’s radiation

Contains auroras and orbiting satellites

Karman line is found here

Karman Line

Boundery between the atmosphere and space

Exosphere

Uppermost region of the atmosphere

Shields earth from meteors, asteroids, and cosmic rays.

Hydrosphere

Subsystem that regulates climate by distributing heat throughout the surface.

This is where 70% of Earth’s surface is covered with liquid water. 3% of it is freshwater. 2/3 of it is ice.

Water provides habitat.

Geosphere

Includes all of the earth’s solid surface.

Crust

Layer of the earth that is divided into continental and oceanic crusts.

Mantle

The lithosphere is the combined part of the crust and the uppermost part of the ____.

Lithosphere

Combined part of the crust and uppermost part of the mantle.

Core

Made up of iron with a small amount of nickle. The iron in the outer ____ is the source of Earth’s magnetic field that deflects most of the solar winds.

Classification of a Mineral

Naturally Occurring

Inorganic

Solid at room temperature

Regular crystal structure

Defined chemical composition

Luster

Proper of the mineral to shine

Ademantine

most lustrous mineral

Metallic

shines like a metal

Waxy

shines like wax

Pearly

Shines iridescently, like a pearl

Silky

Shines like silk

Hardness

This is recorded and based off Moh’s scale of ______.

Scratching to find the mineral

Color

Minerals have a variety of _____ not a diagnostic property.

Cannot be relied on to identify a minetal.

Greatly affected by certain elements and weathered surfaces.

Streak

Reliable way to determine the mineral.

When minerals are _____ed on paper/hard surface, they leave behind their powdered form.

Quartz leaves no _____.

Cyrstal Form/Habit

Geometric shape of minerals.

Caused by the symmetrical, 3 dimensional arrangement of atoms in the minerals.

Breakage

Minerals’ Cleavage and Fractures

Cleavage

When minerals break smoothly along pretermined planes.

Fracture

When minerals break in irregular patterns.

Specific Density

Relative to water.

Can be used to judge a mineral’s purity by comparing it to the specific gravity of water.

Silicates

Minerals containing silicon and oxygen.

Important to the cement, ceramic and glass industries.

Ex. Feldspar, quarts, mica

Oxides

One or more oxygen atoms combined with another element.

Minerals that serve as a major ore minerals with economic importance, some are significant gemstones.

Ex. cuprite, magnetite

Sulfates

The dominant anionic entity is the sulfate anion (SO4)

Has multiple uses that span from fertilizer, construction materials to pharmaceutical and food additive uses.

Ex. Gypsum, Barite, Celestite

Minerals containing any of the 3 classes of compounds containing sulfur.

Carbonates

The dominant anionic entity is the carbonate anion (CO3) and contains Ca, Mg, Fe, and Mn

Ex. Calcite, Magnesite, Azurite

Halides

Minerals with fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, or astatide compounds.

Ex. most salts

Sedimentary Rocks

Fragments of rock that have been broken down as a result of weathering.

Compressing and sedimentation of layers of rocks.

Erosion

Movement of sediments or rocks.

Boulder

______ > Cobble > Pebble > Sand > Silt > Clay

Cobble

Boulder > ______ > Pebble > Sand > Silt > Clay

Pebble

Boulder > Cobble > _______ > Sand > Silt > Clay

Sand

Boulder > Cobble > Pebble > _____ > Silt > Clay

Silt

Boulder > Cobble > Pebble > Sand > _____ > Clay

Clay

Boulder > Cobble > Pebble > Sand > Silt > ______

Rock Cycle

System in which new minerals are created due to numerous natural phenomena.

Igneous

Minerals formed from the cooling and solidifying of magma or lava.

Molten rocks cool.

Intrusive

Magma (molten rock underground) cools Slowly

Large crystals form

Extrusive

Lava (molten rock above the earth’s surface) cools quickly

Little to no crystal form

May be vesicular - contains air bubbles

Clastic

Compacted sediments

Classified by size

Organic/Crystalline

Evaporates

Percipitates

Biological Matter

Metamorphosis

Rocks are changed as a result of extreme heat or pressure

Sedimentary (Rock cycle)

Formed from the compaction and cementation of sediments.

Magma (Rock cycle)

Forms from the melting of Igneous Rock and Metamorphic Rock

Igneous Rock (Rock cycle)

Forms from the cooling of magma

Metamorphic Rock (Rock cycle)

Forms from when heat and pressure is applied to Sedimentary and Igneous rock.

Mineral Deposit

Concentrations of a mineral that is of scientific or technical interest

Ore Deposit

concentration of a mineral that is of economic interest

Aggregate

rock or mineral material used as filler for construction

used to describe nonmetallic deposits

Ore

naturally ocurring material from which mineral of economic value can be extracted

Strategic minerals

minerals that are critical to the national security and strength of the economy ex. Cobalt

Mining

Extraction of minerals from ore deposits

Distributed into reserves and are formed naturally

Tailings

Leftovers from the refinement/processing of the mienral

Minerals

______ are hard to extract and mine due to their properties as naturally forming and uneven distribution

Surface Mining

Used when the mineral is close to the surface of the earth

Placer Mining

Ore is dug out of the soil where it is rinsed off with water

Type of mining done during the Gold Rush

Done to stream beds

Mountaintop Mining

Removing the entire top of a mountain in order to extract the ore.

Strip Mining

removing all soil, rocks, and vegetation (overburden) in order to extract the ore that is usually a few feet down.

Open-pit Mining

A huge pit is made in order to reach all the ore deposits

Creates the most tailings by average

Subsurface Mining

A shaft is sink (A long hole) into the earth and then they will mine towards the deposit.

1872

General Mining Act ______

1977

Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act ______

Republic Act 9513

The Renewable Energy Act of 2008, aims to accelerate the development of Renewable energy resources to achieve energy self-reliance, through the adoption of sustainable energy development strategies.

Renewable Sources

Solar

Wind

Hydroelectric

Biomass

Geothermal

Non-Renewable Sources

Finite

Pollutes the environment (atmosphere)

Unreliable

Damaging to the Earth

Creates non-biodegradable bi-products

Fossil FUels

hydrocarbon-containing material formed naturally in the earth’s crust that is extracted and burned as fuel. Their point of origin is of deceased life forms.

Petroleum Oil

Liquid that is refined into other types of fuel such as jet fuel, diesel etc. From dead animals.

Coal

carbon-based, combustible black rock. ____ is the most harmful to the environment. From leaves, trees and other plant material.

Formed from dead plants and animals

Natural Gas

odorless, colorless and flammable hydrocarbon that releases a significant amount of energy when burned. Can be both gaseous and liquid form.

Nuclear

cleanest non renewable resource, but also expensive.

Geothermal

Heat trapped inside the earth is used to heat water into steam that turns turbines, producing energy.

Resources are reservoirs of hot water (natural or manmade) that exists at varying depths.

Hydropower

Utilizes the movement of water.

Produces 83% of the world’s renewable energy.

Oldest and largest renewable energy.

Penstock

What supplies the water to the dam. Can be in the form of pipes, channel or tunnel.

Dam

Holds most of the water back. Releases water onto the powerhouse.

Powerhouse

Where the flowing water is translated into electricity through the water hitting the turbines at great speeds

Impoudment

An enclosed body of water often referred to as a reservoir.

Diversion

A type of dam that diverts all or a portion of a moving body of water from its natural course.

Water Cycle

Involves two main processes: Evaporation and Precipitation

Responsible for circulating water

Freshwater

Important resource of humans and other living organisms as it does not contain salt

Used for agriculture, energy, leisure, food source and drinking.

Astronomy

Study of celestial bodies