Chapter 9: Sexuality and Gender

Definition of Sex

S___ refers to the p____ and b____ t____ of a person, focusing strictly on the a____ (s____ o____), g____ (c____), and the h____ that i____ a person as a m____, f____, or i____.

sex, physical, biological traits, anatomy (sexual organs), genetics (chromosomes), hormones, identify, male, female, intersex.

Definition of Gender

G____ refers to the s____ and c____ c____ r____, b____, e____, and i____ that a s____ considers a____ or e_____ from m____, w____, and d____ g____ i____.

gender, socially, culturally constructed roles, behavior, expressions, identity, society, acceptable, expects, men, women, diverse gender identities.

Definition of Primary Sex Characteristics

P____ s____ c____ are the p____ f____ and r____ o____ d____ i____ in h____ r____ that are p____ a____ b____ and d____ during p____.

primary sex characteristics, physical features, reproductive organs directly involved, human reproduction, present at birth, develop, puberty.

Definition of Secondary Sex Characteristics

S____ s____ c____ refers to the p____ f____ that e____ during p____ to d____ between the t____ s____ (m____ and f____) that are n____ d____ i____ in h____ r____.

secondary sex characteristics, physical features, emerge, puberty, distinguish, two sexes (male, female), not directly involved, human reproduction.

The Development of Primary Sex Characteristics

Primary sex characteristics d____ as the e____ g____.
G____ f____ in the embryo at around w____ __, but the s____ of the fetus c____ be d____ yet at this stage.

The ____ p____ of c____ are the s____ c____ that d____ the b____ s____ of the fetus.

The p____ of the ____ c____ will t____ the r____ of a____ (m____ s____ h____) while the a____ of this chromosome will t____ the r____ of e____ (f____ s____ h____).

develop, embryo grows.
gonads form, week 5, sex, cannot, determined

23 pair, chromosomes, sex chromosomes, determine, biological sex

presence, Y chromosome, trigger, release, androgens (male sex hormones), absence, trigger, release, estrogens (female sex hormones).

Definition of Intersex

I____ refers to the p____ s____ c____ (r____ o____, h____, c____ etc.) that d____ n____ f____ the t____ b____ d____ of m____ or f____.

This could be due to c____ i____ or the p____ of the h____ of the o____ s____ during the t____ of c____ d____ of the f____.

intersex, physical sex characteristics (reproductive organs, hormones, chromosomes), do not fit, typical binary definition, male, female.

chromosomal issues, presence, hormones, opposite sex, time, critical development, fetus.

Explaining Gender

G____ refers to the p____ a____ of being m____ or f____.

It affects one’s s____ g____ and c____, d____ of p_____, and s____ of i_____.

gender, psychological aspects, male, female

social group, culture, development, personality, sense, identity.

Definition of Gender Roles

G____ r____ refers to the s____ and c____ d____ e____ for the b____, p____ t____, and a____ a s____ considers a____ or t____ for m____ and w____.

gender roles, socially, culturally defined expectations, behavior, personality traits, attitudes, society, acceptable, typical, men, women.

Definition of Gender Typing

G____ t____ refers to the d____ p____ by which c____ a____ the t____, f____ b____, and v____ that a c____ considers a____ for their b____ s____.

gender typing, developmental process, children acquire, thoughts, feelings, behavior, value, culture, appropriate, biological sex.

Definition of Gender Identity

G____ i____ refers to an individual’s d____ f____, i____ s____ of being m____ (m____), f____ (f____), b____, n____, or s____ a____ the g____ s____.

gender identity, deeply felt, internal sense, male (masculine), female (feminine), both, neither, somewhere along, gender spectrum.

Definition of Transgender

T____ is an umbrella term that describes a person’s i____ s____ of g____ i____ that d____ n____ m____ the p____ s____ they were assigned at b____.

transgender, internal sense, gender identity, does not match, physical sex, birth.

Definition of Gender Dysphoria

G____ d____ refers to the p____ d____ e____ by a person who feels that their i____ g____ i____ d____ n____ m____ their b____ s____ (i____).

*Not all transgender people experience gender dysphoria.

gender dysphoria, psychological distress experienced, internal gender identity does not match, biological sex (incongruence).

Definition of Transsexual

T_____ refers to t____ people who a____ or w____ to a____ their p____ s____ through m____ i____ (s____ or h____ t____) to a____ with their i____ g____ i____.

transsexual, transgender, alter, wish, alter, physical self, medical intervention (surgery, hormonal treatments), align, internal gender identity.

Factors Affecting Gender Identity

1. B____ i____
   G____, h____ f____, and n____ t____ that p____ someone to d____ the b____ a____ with one’s b____ s____.
   
   

2. G____ s____
   The p____ by which one l____, i____, and p____ the c____ e____ b____, v____, and r____ based on their b____ s___.
   
   

3. E____ i____
   The e____, n__-g____ f____, such as the p____ of c____ and c____, that contribute to the d____ of one’s g____ i____.

1. biological influences
   genetic, hormonal factors, neurological traits, predispose, develop, behavior associated, biological sex.
   
   

2. gender socialization
   process, learns, internalizes, performs, culturally expected, behavior, values, roles, biological sex.
   
   

3. environmental influences
   external, non-genetic factors, pressure, conformity, culture, development, gender identity

Theories Regarding the Development of Gender Roles

1. S____ L____ theory
   It theorizes that people l____ g____ r____ and b____ by o____, i____, and being r____ by o____ in their s____ e____.
   
   

2. G____ S____ theory
   It theorizes that c____ develop a m____ p____ / f____ (s____) for m____ and f____ b____, and o____ o____ and l____ b____ a____ that s____.

1. social learning theory
   learn gender roles, behavior, observing, imitating, reinforced, others, social environment.
   
   

2. gender schema
   children, mental pattern / framework (schema), male, female behavior, organizes observed, learnt behavior around, schema

Definition of Gender Stereotyping

G____ s____ is the a____ of o_____ and a____ s____ t____, b____, and r____ to i____ solely based on their b____ s____.

gender stereotyping, act, overgeneralizing, assigning specific traits, behavior, roles, individuals, biological sex.

Definition of Sexism

S____ refers to the p____ against m___ or f____ that lead to u____ t____.

B____ s____ refers to the p____ a____ and s____ of m____ and f____ that lead to u____ t____.

sexism, prejudice, males, females, unequal treatment.
benevolent sexism, patronising attitude, stereotypes, males, females, unequal treatment.

Definition of Androgyny

A____ refers to a person who possesses a b____ c____ of both m____ and f____ b____ c____ and p____ t____.

Androgynous people tend to be l___ d____ when compared to traditional men and women as they are able to a____ to d____ s____ d____ and be f____, l____ the a_____ of both m____ and f_____.

androgyny, balanced combination, masculine, feminine behavioral characteristics, personality traits.

less depressed, adapt, different social demands, flexible, leveraging, advantages, masculinity, femininity.

Definition of Sexual Orientation

S____ o____ refers to a person’s s____ a____ to and a____ for m___, w____, or o____ g____ i____.

sexual orientation, sexual attraction, affection, men, women, other gender identities.

Definition of Heterosexual, Homosexual, Bisexual, and Asexual

Sexual attraction toward, or sexual activity with:

• the o____ s____ = h____

• the s____ s____ = h____

• both m___ and w____ = b____

Lack of sexual attraction to anyone or lack of interest in sexual activity = a____

Sexual orientations that are not heterosexual face a lot of s____, p____, and d____.

• opposite sex, heterosexual

• same sex, homosexual

• men, women, bisexual

asexual

stigma, prejudice, discrimination

Sexual Orientation: Nature vs Nurture Debate

Some people think that one’s u____ and e____ e____ i____ one’s s____ o____.

However, this pattern of thinking creates the n____ that the b____ of people with n___-h____ sexual orientation is a____ can be c____ to what is “n____”.

upbringing, environmental experiences influence, sexual orientation.

notion, behavior, non-heterosexual, abnormal, changed, “normal”.

Sexual Orientation: Nature vs Nurture Debate

People with a non-heterosexual sexual orientation argue that their sexual orientation is n____ t____ c____ and is a p____ of b_____:

• B____ d_____ in their b____

• G____ that impact their r____ o____ d____, s___ i___, and s____ p____ p____, or g____ t____ that p____ them to s___-s____ a____.

not their choice, product, biology

• biological differences, brains

• genes, reproductive organ development, sexual identity, sexual partner preference, genetic traits, predispose, same-sex attraction

Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)

STIs spread through s____ c____ and b____ f____.

It can be l____-t____ and affect one’s s____ o____ and his/her a____ to r____.

B____ STIs are d____ to d____ but can be t____ with a____ while v____ STIs are often i____ (as of now) and have s____ that are d____ to m____.

A common viral STI is A____ I____ D____ S____ (AIDS), and it is caused by the h____ i____ v___ (HIV).
It may be transmitted through:

• u____ sexual intercourse

• s___ of n____

• p____

• b____ t____

with an i____ person

sexual contact, bodily fluids
life-threatening, sexual organs, ability, reproduce

bacterial, difficult, detect, treated, antibiotics, viral, incurable, symptoms, difficult, manage

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, human immunodeficiency virus

• unprotected

• sharing, needles

• pregnancy

• blood transfusion
  
  

infected

AIDS/HIV and Life Expectancy

A person with AIDS/HIV can m____ their s____ with m____ to d____ the p____ of the virus to i____ his/her l____ e____.

manage, symptoms, medications, delay, progression, improve, life expectancy.