Lecture 1 - What are stem cells?

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45 Terms

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stem cells

foundation for every tissue and organ in the body that can develop into many cell types within the body during and post development

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stem cell function

replace injured tissues and cell types that are lost naturally by unlimited cell division

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what are the 2 main properties of stem cells?

self renewal and differentiation

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self renewal

the ability to generate more stem cell through symmetric or asymmetric division

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stem cell division

each daughter cell has potential to be a stem cell or become a specialized cell type

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symmetric division

one cell divides into two identical undifferentiated cells

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asymmetric division

one cell divides into one undifferentiated cell and one specialized committed daughter cell

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depletion

stem cell pool is depleted to make two committed specialized daughter cells

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totipotent

can produce an entire viable organism including extra embryonic cells

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pluripotent

can produce derivatives from each primary embryonic lineage (germ layers) under certain conditions

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multipotent

can produce multiple cell types within a single germ layer with a tissue specific function

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unipotent

can only produce one cell type

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progenitor cells

an undifferentiated cell with a limited ability to self renew

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pacemaker cells

controls heartbeat

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purkinje fibers

role in electrical conduction and propagation of impulse to the ventricular muscle, has potential to cause arrythmias

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extraembryonic cells

cells that form tissues that assist in embryo development

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potency

varying ability of cells to differentiate into specialized cell types

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pluripotent cells in the blastocyst

inner mass cells and epiblast

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multipotent cells in the blastocyst

trophectoderm, hypoblast, extraembryonic mesoderm and the yolk sac

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gastrulation

creates the endoderm, ectoderm and mesoderm but reslts in the depletion of almost all pluripotent cells in the embryo

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niche

a specific sub tissue location that physically and chemically supports stem cells in the body

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germ layers

distinguishable groups of cells created by gastrulation in early development and each layer contributes to specific tissues in the body

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teratoma

benign germ cell tumor

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teratocarcinoma

malignant germ cell tumor

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embryonal carcinoma

indvidual pluripotent cells that can divide indefinitely and differentiate into teratomas when injected into mice

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Till and McCulloh’s stem cell theory

showed that multipotent stem cells exist in mouse bone marrow

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developmental hourglass theory

post gastrulation embryos from different animals look similar

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coculture system

2 different cell types are grown in the same culture dish and support each other's growth

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chimera

a single organism that is composed of genetically distinct cells

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how were embryonic stem cells discovered?

entero chromafftin cells were used to create the first pluripotency assay and improve cell culture conditions for embryonic cells by adding a layer of mouse embryonic fibroblasts

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how were induced pluripotent stem cells created?

by reprogramming adult tissue specific cells into cells that act like ESCs by using isolated mice fibroblasts and transforming them into Yamanaka factors

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yamanaka factors

transcription factors that can generate any cell type

  • oct4 sox2 kl4 and c-myc

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pulse chase experiment

short term exposure of living tissues to BrdU will label cells that are actively undergoing cell division for detection later with anti BrdU antibodies

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BrdU

bromodeoxyuridine, type of chemical nucleoside analogue used during DNA replication

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where are the BrdU cells located?

they start at the intestinal crypt and migrate up the villi

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bone marrow adult stem cells discovery

radiation delivered to a healthy mouse causing depletion of blood cells then transplanted healthy bone marrow into the irradiated mouse and found that the cells repopulated restoring the blood cells through self renewal and differentiation due to colonies in the spleen

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colony or cell morphology

evaluating if a cell looks like a stem cell (least informative)

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marker abundance

determining if cell is undifferentiated or not based on the presence of stem cell transcription factors

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single cell cloning

isolate a single cell and dispense it into a culture vessel allowing it to grow into a colony of cells to see if it generates similar cells or not

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serial transplantation

test ability of cell to repopulate niche then resample that niche and have it repopulate in another animal

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tissue integration

see if a cell contributes to function of an organism and its survival (most informative way to identify a stem cell)

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totipotent stem cell hierarchy

fertilized egg, zygote, morula

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pluripotent stem cell hierarchy

blastocyst, ESCs from inner mass cell, germ cells

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multipotent stem cell hierarchy

hemapoeitic, neural and mesenchymal stem cells

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lineage committed stem cell hierarchy

blood cells, cells of the nervous system, connective tissue, bone, cartilage, etc