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cardo
north-south axis
decumanus
east-west axis
opus caementicum
Romans invented concrete (____), a mixture of lime mortar, sand, water, and stones, and was a great substitute for using marble or stone
voussoirs
True Arches are composed of wedge-shaped blocks called
keystone
placed in the center, holds the voussoirs in place
vaults
extruded arches
groin vaults
Vaults intersecting at right angles
dome
vaults turned full circle around their central axis
Roman Doric
Slenderized the column proportions, added additional moldings to the capital, and used a base. Sometimes the flutings were omitted.
Roman Ionic
the volute capitals were smaller and the ornaments around the neck were omitted. The volutes were sometimes repeated on all four sides, as compared to only two sides in the Greek versions.
The Roman Corinthian
the most commonly used style in Rome. The capital is slightly smaller and the acanthus details are also different
Tuscan
simplified Doric with no columnar flutings
Composite
combination of the capital of the Corinthian acanthus leaves topped with an Ionic volute
Pedestal
a high base onto which a column would stand. Usually 1/3 to 1/4 the height of the column, it is treated with a cornice on top and a projecting plinth at the bottom.
Pilasters
square shaft attached to the wall, projecting from the wall a distance around 1/4 its width. Having no structural function, they are meant as decoration to create vertical subdivisions of a wall.
module
a term that was in use among Roman architects, corresponding to the semidiameter of the column at its base
minutes
The module was divided by the 16th-century theorists into thirty parts, allowing for much greater precision than was thought necessary by Vitruvius, whose subdivision was usually six parts.
