unit 3

lanfranc

• appointed in 1070

• to bring in reforms

archdeacon

in charge of an archdeaconry, helped bishop run the diocese, responsibility for administration and disciple

replace abotts

• replaced boots, including Peterborough, Glastonbury and Winchester, more open too form

cluniacs

• arrived late 1070s, William de Warenne founded monastery at Lews

• other monks, such as Augustinians followers later, different lifestyle to benedictines, followed rule of st Augustine instead of the rule of st Benedict,

  • monasteries found in Canterbury, Colchester and Huntingdon in 1090s

abbey and monasteries

• in north had been abandoned due to vikings raids between the 8th and 10th centuries,

• normans refunded some, such as Whitby abbey, about 1078

• thought boiling monasteries would help them earn forgiveness, so god doesn’t punish them for the violence of the conquest

Investiture controvesy

• prevent rulers from choosing bishops and abbots, chosen by church

• caused conflict with rulers of england, france, germans, wanted to maintain control over

• conflict massive threat to papacy’s authority, in 1080, Henry IV, German, tried to remove Gregory VII as pope

• Gregory VII, strongly objected the primacy of Canterbury, refused to recognise lanfrancs increase authority until he went to rome and submitted

• summoned lanfranc multiple time, but he refused to go

council of rochmingham

1095

• group of bishops and nobles told anselm to obey the king, he refused

• conflict again 1097, king refused to allow church to hold councils, stopped anselm making important changes to the church

• anselm went to rome to seek support from the pope, didnt return until after William died 1100

banner

banner of St Peter

benefits of william

Geogre, wanted William to recognise authority, but couldn’t afford tomato another powerful enemy, William able to ignore some of pope’s demands and make compromise

cathedrawl

where bishop is based in the dioceses, most important church in

lanfranc

made norman church were centralised, he made the archbishop of Canterbury the primate of england, easier to make further reforms

• used councils to impose disciples on the church, churchmen would discuss different aspects of religious law and decisions on how to tackle the church’s problem

English bishops

by 1087, only one

dioceses

the normans reorganised certain dioceses by moving the headquarters from rural areas or small towns, dorchester, to larger towns, Lincoln

dean

in charge of a deanery, made up of a group of parishes, making sure priest were following religious law

stigand

• guilty of corruption

• committed pluralism, continuing to hold position of bishop of Winchester, after becoming Archbishop of Canterbury

nobility

• sent second born sons to train as priests, helped church to grow

• and reduced competition for land within the nobility

• nobles tried to control appointment of churchmen, give best positions to relatives or followers

reforms

• synods, run by bishops, created to spread reform and met often

• cathedrals were built in important locations, (coventry, salisbury, Lincoln), to centralise the church

• new church hierarchy introduced to centralise the church, give bishops more control over their dioceses

  • archdeacons and deans were new positions

reforms

• role of the parish priest developed and numbers rose

• clergy were no longer allowed to marry

• lanfranc ended abuses such as simony and nepotism

• ecclesiastical courts, churchmen tries in bishop’s courts instead of secular, usually more lenient punishments

  • also dealt with spiritual offences, blasphemy, not going to church and adultery among the laity

what are the laity

• ordinary people

dioceses

• split into dioceses

• each controlled by a bishop

• archdeacon assisted these

• further split into smaller deaneries, with a parish priest who served a smaller church

• dean ensured each priest follow church law

parish churches

• doubled to 2,000

• most dedicated to English saints renamed

what was the romanesque style

• more modern and grander

• combine Roman and Byzantine, architecture

• high quality characterised by thick walls, rounded arches, large sturdy square towers, symmetrical design, clean lines, little decoration

William I disagreement 1

• 1070, pope Alexander ordered William to pay penance for the invasion of england

  • ordered battle abbey to be built

William disagreement 2

• 1073, pope Gregory vii became pope and wanted more direct control over the running of the church

• wanted bishops to go to rome to report to him

• wanted William to sweat fealty to him, William wasn’t prepared to

• William did bring back payments of Peter’s pence, every household pay 1 penny in tax to the pope, tensions remained

simplicity

• wore a habit, simple clothes

• eat 2 vegetarian meals a day

monasteries

• in 1066, 4 had monasteries attached, 1135, 10 did

Cluniac monasteries

• 1135, 24

• first being lewes priory

liturgy

• reformed, more similar to europe

what did monasteries do

• illuminating manuscripts

• write chronicles

• education

• sustain themselves

• help the sick and pilgrimages

order in monasteries

• pope

• abbots, abbess, often be a noble who had not inherited land, entering church a way to advance socially

• prior, pries, run the monastery when the abbott was away

• obedientaries, including cellarer, guest master, almoner, infirmerer

• monks and nuns

• nocives, monks and nun who hadn’t taken their vows yet

cistercian order

• founded in 1098 in france by monks who felt cluniacs weren’t strict enough

• in 11128, under Henry I, first house founded in england at Waverley in surrey

• first major house Rievaulx in Yorkshire,

• lots settle in north, causing northern revival

latin

• lanfrancs new liturgy

• domesday survey

before normans, language

• old English was the vernacular

• however wrote government documents and religious texts in there vernacular too, was unusual in the rest of Western Europe, but widespread in england since the 9th century

• normans, spoke old French, latin in written documents

language, now

• spoken language

  • old English still spoke by the majority of the population

  • norman settlers spoke old French, which changes old English significantly, as normans introduced a larger number of French loanwords

• written language

  • latin, at first, royal documents were issued in English to make sure they were understood, then began introducing Latin alongside English in bilingual documents

  • after 1070, documents issued almost exclusively in latin

language - monks

continued to produce some written works in the vernacular

cloister

made up of four covered walkways surrounding a courtyard, some anglo saxons had cloisters, but these were only a regular feature in monasteries after the norman conquest

monasteries built

• most made up of a single church with a cloister attached

• cloister, design to allow sunlight in so that it could be used as a scriptorium, and could mediate, and used for religious processions

• dormitory, refectory, chapter house, meeting, built from stone by normans, anglo saxons built using wood

• looked different depending on the monks living in them, cluniacs used elaborate decoration, others quite plain

  • some anglo saxons had decorations, stained glass, but one richest ones

monks lives

• work up early, 2, first service

• attended eight services a day, often in latin, prayer and sand or chanted religious songs

• between services, did work, some essential to the running of the monasteries, and reading and writing

• ate two meals a day, no meat, luxury

• discourage from talking and forbidden from talking at night

• last service, at 7

churches role in wider society

• abbots were influential figures, major landholders, owed service to the king just like the lords

• ordinary monks helped poorer people in the local area, gave food, medical care

• contributed to the culture, with works of art and literature, as well as music

• some were sites of pilgrimage, often associated with saints and owned relics, so monks provided accommodation

• many saints worshipped stayed the same, normans had different traditions but preserved existing saint in attempt to keep anglo saxons happy

education

• most had little to no education

• only wealthy families could afford it, small number mostly taught by monks in monastic schools

• many were boys, sent to monasteries at a young age, brought up to become monks, or some became government officials

• pupils learnt to read and write also taught in latin, expected to learn these serve, as well as developing other useful skills, discipline and obedience

• girls, nuns

• could be taught by private tutor at home, some secular schools, uncommon