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40 Terms

1

lanfranc

  • appointed in 1070

  • to bring in reforms

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2

archdeacon

in charge of an archdeaconry, helped bishop run the diocese, responsibility for administration and disciple

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3

replace abotts

  • replaced boots, including Peterborough, Glastonbury and Winchester, more open too form

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4

cluniacs

  • arrived late 1070s, William de Warenne founded monastery at Lews

  • other monks, such as Augustinians followers later, different lifestyle to benedictines, followed rule of st Augustine instead of the rule of st Benedict,

    • monasteries found in Canterbury, Colchester and Huntingdon in 1090s

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5

abbey and monasteries

  • in north had been abandoned due to vikings raids between the 8th and 10th centuries,

  • normans refunded some, such as Whitby abbey, about 1078

  • thought boiling monasteries would help them earn forgiveness, so god doesn’t punish them for the violence of the conquest

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6

Investiture controvesy

  • prevent rulers from choosing bishops and abbots, chosen by church

  • caused conflict with rulers of england, france, germans, wanted to maintain control over

  • conflict massive threat to papacy’s authority, in 1080, Henry IV, German, tried to remove Gregory VII as pope

  • Gregory VII, strongly objected the primacy of Canterbury, refused to recognise lanfrancs increase authority until he went to rome and submitted

  • summoned lanfranc multiple time, but he refused to go

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7

council of rochmingham

1095

  • group of bishops and nobles told anselm to obey the king, he refused

  • conflict again 1097, king refused to allow church to hold councils, stopped anselm making important changes to the church

  • anselm went to rome to seek support from the pope, didnt return until after William died 1100

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8

banner

banner of St Peter

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9

benefits of william

Geogre, wanted William to recognise authority, but couldn’t afford tomato another powerful enemy, William able to ignore some of pope’s demands and make compromise

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10

cathedrawl

where bishop is based in the dioceses, most important church in

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11

lanfranc

made norman church were centralised, he made the archbishop of Canterbury the primate of england, easier to make further reforms

  • used councils to impose disciples on the church, churchmen would discuss different aspects of religious law and decisions on how to tackle the church’s problem

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12

English bishops

by 1087, only one

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13

dioceses

the normans reorganised certain dioceses by moving the headquarters from rural areas or small towns, dorchester, to larger towns, Lincoln

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14

dean

in charge of a deanery, made up of a group of parishes, making sure priest were following religious law

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15

stigand

  • guilty of corruption

  • committed pluralism, continuing to hold position of bishop of Winchester, after becoming Archbishop of Canterbury

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16

nobility

  • sent second born sons to train as priests, helped church to grow

  • and reduced competition for land within the nobility

  • nobles tried to control appointment of churchmen, give best positions to relatives or followers

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17

reforms

  • synods, run by bishops, created to spread reform and met often

  • cathedrals were built in important locations, (coventry, salisbury, Lincoln), to centralise the church

  • new church hierarchy introduced to centralise the church, give bishops more control over their dioceses

    • archdeacons and deans were new positions

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18

reforms

  • role of the parish priest developed and numbers rose

  • clergy were no longer allowed to marry

  • lanfranc ended abuses such as simony and nepotism

  • ecclesiastical courts, churchmen tries in bishop’s courts instead of secular, usually more lenient punishments

    • also dealt with spiritual offences, blasphemy, not going to church and adultery among the laity

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19

what are the laity

  • ordinary people

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20

dioceses

  • split into dioceses

  • each controlled by a bishop

  • archdeacon assisted these

  • further split into smaller deaneries, with a parish priest who served a smaller church

  • dean ensured each priest follow church law

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21

parish churches

  • doubled to 2,000

  • most dedicated to English saints renamed

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22

what was the romanesque style

  • more modern and grander

  • combine Roman and Byzantine, architecture

  • high quality characterised by thick walls, rounded arches, large sturdy square towers, symmetrical design, clean lines, little decoration

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23

William I disagreement 1

  • 1070, pope Alexander ordered William to pay penance for the invasion of england

    • ordered battle abbey to be built

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William disagreement 2

  • 1073, pope Gregory vii became pope and wanted more direct control over the running of the church

  • wanted bishops to go to rome to report to him

  • wanted William to sweat fealty to him, William wasn’t prepared to

  • William did bring back payments of Peter’s pence, every household pay 1 penny in tax to the pope, tensions remained

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25

simplicity

  • wore a habit, simple clothes

  • eat 2 vegetarian meals a day

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26

monasteries

  • in 1066, 4 had monasteries attached, 1135, 10 did

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27

Cluniac monasteries

  • 1135, 24

  • first being lewes priory

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28

liturgy

  • reformed, more similar to europe

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what did monasteries do

  • illuminating manuscripts

  • write chronicles

  • education

  • sustain themselves

  • help the sick and pilgrimages

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30

order in monasteries

  • pope

  • abbots, abbess, often be a noble who had not inherited land, entering church a way to advance socially

  • prior, pries, run the monastery when the abbott was away

  • obedientaries, including cellarer, guest master, almoner, infirmerer

  • monks and nuns

  • nocives, monks and nun who hadn’t taken their vows yet

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cistercian order

  • founded in 1098 in france by monks who felt cluniacs weren’t strict enough

  • in 11128, under Henry I, first house founded in england at Waverley in surrey

  • first major house Rievaulx in Yorkshire,

  • lots settle in north, causing northern revival

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32

latin

  • lanfrancs new liturgy

  • domesday survey

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33

before normans, language

  • old English was the vernacular

  • however wrote government documents and religious texts in there vernacular too, was unusual in the rest of Western Europe, but widespread in england since the 9th century

  • normans, spoke old French, latin in written documents

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language, now

  • spoken language

    • old English still spoke by the majority of the population

    • norman settlers spoke old French, which changes old English significantly, as normans introduced a larger number of French loanwords

  • written language

    • latin, at first, royal documents were issued in English to make sure they were understood, then began introducing Latin alongside English in bilingual documents

    • after 1070, documents issued almost exclusively in latin

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language - monks

continued to produce some written works in the vernacular

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36

cloister

made up of four covered walkways surrounding a courtyard, some anglo saxons had cloisters, but these were only a regular feature in monasteries after the norman conquest

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37

monasteries built

  • most made up of a single church with a cloister attached

  • cloister, design to allow sunlight in so that it could be used as a scriptorium, and could mediate, and used for religious processions

  • dormitory, refectory, chapter house, meeting, built from stone by normans, anglo saxons built using wood

  • looked different depending on the monks living in them, cluniacs used elaborate decoration, others quite plain

    • some anglo saxons had decorations, stained glass, but one richest ones

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38

monks lives

  • work up early, 2, first service

  • attended eight services a day, often in latin, prayer and sand or chanted religious songs

  • between services, did work, some essential to the running of the monasteries, and reading and writing

  • ate two meals a day, no meat, luxury

  • discourage from talking and forbidden from talking at night

  • last service, at 7

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39

churches role in wider society

  • abbots were influential figures, major landholders, owed service to the king just like the lords

  • ordinary monks helped poorer people in the local area, gave food, medical care

  • contributed to the culture, with works of art and literature, as well as music

  • some were sites of pilgrimage, often associated with saints and owned relics, so monks provided accommodation

  • many saints worshipped stayed the same, normans had different traditions but preserved existing saint in attempt to keep anglo saxons happy

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40

education

  • most had little to no education

  • only wealthy families could afford it, small number mostly taught by monks in monastic schools

  • many were boys, sent to monasteries at a young age, brought up to become monks, or some became government officials

  • pupils learnt to read and write also taught in latin, expected to learn these serve, as well as developing other useful skills, discipline and obedience

  • girls, nuns

  • could be taught by private tutor at home, some secular schools, uncommon

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