ATI TEAS

superior

above

inferior

below

anterior

front

posterior

back

lateral

outer

medial

middle/inner

coronal/frontal plane

front and back division

transverse/ cross-sectional plane

top and bottom division

saggittal/median

left or right division

amylase

in saliva; initiate chemical digestion of starch

lipase

in saliva; initiate chemical digestion of lipids

bolus

small parcels of food

epiglottis

closes the tracheal so food doesn’t enter respiratory system

peristalsis

contractions of muscles, moved bolus through gastric sphincter

stomach

smooth muscles, muscle contractions (mechanical) and chemical secretions to form chyme

stomach secretions

mucus = lines the stomach

hydrochloric acid = acidic environment

pepsinogen → pepsin = chemically digests proteins

duodenum

first part of small intestine

chyme neutralized by bicarbonate from pancreatic secretions and alkaline bile juices from gallbladder

produces enzymes: proteases, lactase, bicarbonate

villi and microvilli

small intestine

absorb polar digested nutrients into blood

liver

produces bile, regulates glycogen storage

large intestine

absorbs remaining water and salt; vitamin K absobed

small intestine

absorbs water and nutrients; B12

ghrelin

hormone that induces hunger

leptin

hormone that causes sensation of satiety

insulin

induces cellular uptake of glucose

glucagon

stimulates breakdown of stored glycogen

pepsin

activated by hydrochloric acid; breaks down proteins in stomach

bile

contains chemicals that aid in digestion

CNS vs PNS

sensory/afferent neurons

send messages to the central nervous system about sensory information

motor/efferent neurons

send messages to muscle and can be subdivided into the autonomic (involuntary) motor nervous system and the somatic (voluntary) nervous system

autonomic nervous system

involuntary actions involving cardiac and smooth muscle, such as heart rhythm, digestion, and breathing

somatic nervous system

controls voluntary actions involving skeletal muscle, such as deliberate actions like walking, throwing, or typing

skeletal muscle

attaches to bone and movement of bones → voluntary muscle tissue

striated and strong

cardiac muscle

heart; involuntary muscle

smooth muscle

walls of hollow organs, blood vessels

weakest and involuntary

tendon

attaches skeletal muscle to bone

tough bands of connective tissue that have strong collagen fibers

muscle movement

through contracting and shortening their length

myosin

thick filaments

actin

thin filaments

vas deferens

duct where sperm moves from a testicle to urethra

urethra

delivers urine from bladder

prostate

gland

controls urine release and secretes a part of semen that enhances motility and fertility of sperm

testes

male gonads

produces sperm

scrotum

pouch of skin that contains the testicles

away from body to lower temp during sperm production

how sperm ejaculates

vas deferens → urethra

ova

eggs, female gametes

ovaries

female gonads

eggs produced here

fallopian tubes

carry eggs from ovaries to uterus

where fertilization occurs

follicle

saclike structure contains the egg and allows for it to mature in the ovary

embryo production

zygote → blastocyst → implanation → embryo → grows placenta

puberty

initiated by production of gonadotropin-releasing hormone in hypothalamus → release of follicle-stimulating hormone and lutenizing hormone from anterior pituitary gland

male hormones

LH signals testes to produce more testosterone → testosterone + FSH signal sperm production

female hormones

FSH signal ovaries to produce more estrogen → estrogen release causes eggs to mature in follicle and uterine endometrium to thicken → surge of LH = egg released → empty follicle produces lots of progesterone to prepare for implantation (if it doesn’t happen, uterine lining sheds)

integumentary system

parts:

• skin, hair, nails

• sebaceous, sudoriferous, ceruminous glands

function:

• provides barrier between body and outside pathogens

• prevents body from drying out

• outer dead epidermis cells create waterproof layer

• melanin protects against sun UV

• nails protect fingers and toes

sebaceous glands

originate in dermis

secrete sebum onto hair that is emerging from follicle

oily secretions onto hair shafts and skin

ceruminous glands

dermis of ear canal

produce ear wax

hair follicles

arise from dermis, surrounded be invaginations of epithelial tissue

apocrine sweat gland

near groin and armpits, physical association with hair follicles

produce a secretion with odor

eccrine sweat glands

throughout dermis of human body, secrete sweat

regulate body temperature

epidermis

outer layer of skin

dead cells outside, living inner

includes melanocytes (distribute melanin)

dermis

middle layer of skin

collagen, blood vessels, glands, hair follicles, and nerve endings

subcutaneous / hypodermis

inner layer of skin

vitamin D

made by skin, helps intestine absorb dietary calcium

sweat

perspiration excreted by sweat glands through skin

cutaneous vasoconstriction

when body is too cold this happens so less blood is taken to skin surface

decrease in diameter of blood vessels in dermis that reduces blood flow through the skin

integumentary system homeostasis

warm body → sweat → sweat evaporation = cooling

warm body → blood vessels dilate → more blood to skin’s surface (flushed cheeks) → blood cooled and returned to deeper

thyroid

neck

secretes hormones the regulate growth, development, and metabolic rate

parathyroid

neck - 4 small glands

produces PTH - regulates amount of calcium in blood

thymus

lymphoid organ, where T-cells mature

adrenal gland

above kidney

makes hormones that regulate heart rate, blood pressure, etc.

pancreas

associated with digestive and endocrine systems

produces insulin and secretes pancreatic juices

pineal gland

small, near brain center

secretes melatonin

hypothalamus

part of brain inv. in endocrince system

controls pituitary gland

endocrine system

uses hormones to regulate body functions

insulin

released by pancreas to signal cells to uptake sugar

epinephrine

aka adrenaline (from adrenal glands)

polar hormone in response to stress

causes liver to breakdown glycogen

diabetes

high blood sugar levels caused by low insulin due to pancreas malfunction

hyperthyroidism

overproduction of thyroxine causes weight loss and increased heartbeat

gigantism

excessive growth bc of growth hormone overproduction

growth hormone

aka somatotropin

anterior pituitary gland secretion that stimulates tissue growth

homeostasis

maintenance of constant internal environment

antidiuretic hormone

secreted by pituitary gland

maintains water amount in blood

increases the amount of water able to be reabsorbed from a collecting duct

positive feedback

increase in secretion of a hormone

oxytocin

made in hypo, stored in posterior pituitary

stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth

cervix

passage forms the lower part of uterus

urinary system

kidney, uterus, urinary bladder, urethra

function in the excretory process

kidney

against the dorsal body wall above waist, superior to lumbar region

two regions: renal cortex, renal medulla

kidney renal cortex

outer layer, blood vessels

produces erythropoietin = hormone produces new red blood cells

kidney renal medulla

inner region

regulates the concentration of salt and water in urine

kidney renal arteries

allow oxygenated blood to enter the kidney

kidney renal veins

allow filter, deoxygenated blood to leave the kidney
carry blood from kidney to inferior vena cava

shorter urethra

more prone to UTI (females)

nephrons

system of microscopic tubes in the kidneys that use various pressure levels to remove wastes and reabsorb important molecules and water

glomerulus

network of capillaries where blood pressure pushes water, salt, glucose, amino acids, and urea from the blood

filtrate

materials (i.e. water) that leave blood through walls of the glomerular capillaries to enter the Bowman’s capsule

urinary system function

blood enters kidney with waste from metabolism → enters nephron capillary connected to the renal artery → flows to glomerulus and is filtrated → moves to the proximal tubule → emptied into cavity in kidney → drains to ureter and is stored in urinary bladder

proximal tubule

connects Bowman's capsule of the renal corpuscle to the loop of Henle in the kidney's nephron

glucose and other needed solutes reabsorbed back into the blood through wall of surrounding capillaries

renin

enzyme released by kidney when low BP

regulates blood pressure by retaining or removing water and salt

innate defense

nonspecific response to pathogens by the immune system

adaptive defense

specific response by the immune system to a given pathogen