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upper extremity

shoulder girdle, upper part of arm, forearm, wrist, and hand

shoulder girdle/pectoral girdle

scapular and clavicle

at its distal end, the clavicle articulates with the acromion process of the scapula

sternoclavicular joint

joint between the manubrium of the sternum and the clavicle

connects shoulder girdle and trunk

humerus

arm bone

shaft (diaphysis), and two ends (epiphyses)

articulates proximally with the glenoid fossa of the scapula and distally with the radius and ulna

axial skeleton

80 bones

head, neck, torso

appendicular skeleton

126 bones

upper and lower extremities

adult skeleton

206 bones

rats

223 bones

skull

28 bones

cranial bones and facial bones

cranial bones

8 bones

one frontal, 2 parietal, 2 temporal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones

temporal bones

form the lower side of the cranium and part of cranial floor

contains inner and middle ears

occipital bone

form the lower, posterior part of the skill

forms immovable joints with 3 other cranial bones and a moveable joint with the first cervical vertebras

sphenoid bone

bat shaped bone located in central portion of cranial floor

contains sphenoid sinuses—mucosa lined air filled sacs

ethmoid bone

complex, irregular bone that lies anterior to the sphenoid and posterior to the nasal bones

cribriform plate is here

frontal bone

forms the forehead and anterior part of the top of cranium

contains the frontal sinuses

form the upper portion of the orbits

forms the coronal suture with the two parietal bones

parietal bone

forms the bulging top of cranium

forms several sutures: lambdoid suture with occipital bone; squamous suture with temporal and part of sphenoid; and coronal suture with frontal

facial bones

maxilla, mandible, zygomatic, nasal

articulates with ethmoid, nasal septum, frontal bone, maxillae, and nasal bones

maxilla bones

upper jaw, has maxillary sinuses

maxillae articulate with each other and the nasal, zygomatic, inferior concha, and palatine bones

forms part of the orbital floors, roof of mouth, and floor and sidewalls of nose

mandible

lower jaw

strongest and largest bone of face

forms the only moveable join of skull with temporal bone

zygomatic arch bone

shapes the cheek and forms the outer margin of orbit

forms zygomatic arch with zygomatic process of temporal bones

nasal bone

both nasal bones form the upper part of the bridge of nose; cartilage forms the lower part

lacrimal bone

paper thin bone forms the nasal cavity and medial wall of orbit

contains a groove for the nasolacrimal tear duct

palatine bone

two bones form the posterior part of the hard palate

vertical portion forms the lateral wall of the posterior part of each nasal cavity

articulates with the maxillae and the sphenoid bone

turbinates/inferior nasal conchae

forms the lower edge projecting into the nasal cavity and forms nasal meatus

vomer bone

forms the posterior portion of the nasal septum

eye orbits

contain eyes, associated eye muscles, lacrimal appartus, blood vessels, and nerves

thin and fragile orbital walls separate orbital structures from cranial and nasal cavities

fetal skull

fontanels (soft spots) allow the skull to mold during the birth process and allow rapid growth of brain

face: smaller proportion of total cranium (1/8) than adult (1/2)

head at birth is ¼ of total height; at maturity it is 1/8

sutures appear with skeletal maturity

hyoid bone

u-shaped bone located just above the larynx and below the mandible

suspended from the styloid process of the temporal bone

only bone that articulates with no other bones!

vetebral column

forms the flexible longitudinal axis of the skeleton

consists of 24 vertebrae + sacrum and coccyx

all except first have a flat rounded body anteriorly and centrally, a spinous process posteriorly, and two transverse processes laterally

all but sacrum and coccyx have a vertebral foramen

articulates with head, ribs, and iliac bones

sacrum

fusion of 5 separate vertebrae in adults

coccyx

3 or 5 separate vertebrae in adults

cervical vertebrae

7 vertebrae

thoracic vertebrae

12 vertebrae

has articular facets for the ribs

lumbar vertebrae

5 vertebrae

second vertebra

this vertebra has a projection upward, the dens, to allow rotation

seventh cervical vertebra

this vertebra has a long, blunt, spinous process

thorax

thoracic cage (thorax or chest), ribs, vertebral column (thoracic vertebrae), and sternum

sternum

dagger shaped bone in the middle of the anterior chest wall

made up of manubrium, body, and xiphoid process

ribs 2-10 join body of sternum, directly or indirectly, with coastal cartilages

manubrium

the upper handle part

articulates with clavicle and first rib

body

middle blade part

xiphoid process

blunt cartilaginous lower tip that ossifies during adult life

ribs

12 pairs

articulates with the body and transverse process of its corresponding thoracic vertebra

2-9 articulate with the vertebra above

true ribs

pairs 1-7 join a costal cartilage that attaches to sternum

false ribs

8-10 have costal cartilage that joins the cartilage of rib to be indirectly attached to sternum

floating ribs

11 and 12 do not attach to sternum

forearm

radius and ulna

ulna

little finger side

articulates proximally with the humerus and radius and distally with a fibrocartilaginous disk

radius

thumb side

articulates proximally with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna; articulates distally with the scaphoid and lunate carpals and with the head of ulna

carpal bones

8 small bones that form the wrist

bound closely and firmly by ligaments and form 2 rows of 4 each

proximal carpal row

pisiform, triquetrum, lunate, and scaphoid

distal carpal row

hamate, capitate, trapezoid, and trapezium

metacarpal bones

form the framework of the hand

thumb forms the most freely movable joint with the carpals

head (knuckles) articulate with the phalanges

lower extremity

hip, thighs, leg, ankle, foot

pelvic girdle

sacrum and 2 coxal bones bound tightly by strong ligaments

stable, circular base that supports the trunk and attaches lower extremities to it

coxal bone

composed of 3 bones: ilium, ischium, pubis

ilium

coxal bone

largest and uppermost

ischium

part of coxal bone

strongest and lowermost

pubis

coxal bone

anteriormost

pelvic inlet

imaginary plane that divides pelvis into 2 parts

pelvic brim

edge of pelvic inlet

false pelvis

structure above pelvic inlet bordered by muscle in front

true pelvis

below pelvic inlet

creates boundary of pelvic outlet

pelvic outlet

where digestive tract empties and female reproductive tract passes

when babies are birthed, pubis symphysis softens

femur

longest and heaviest bone in the body

patella (knee)

largest sesamoid bone in the body

tibia

the larger, stronger, and more medially and superficially located of the two leg bones

articulates proximally with the femur to form knee joint

articulates distally with fibula and talus

fibula

smaller, more laterally and deeply placed of 2 leg bones

articulates with tibia

foot

structure is similar to hand with adaptations with supporting weight

bones are held together to form spring arches

medial foot longitudinal arch

calcaneus (heel), talus, navicular

lateral foot longitudinal arch

calcaneus (heel), cuboid, and 4/5th metatarsals

transverse foot arch

relative placement of the distal row of tarsals and the 5 metatarsal bones

flatfoot/fallen arches

where foot arch flattens

skeletal muscles

more than 600

40-50% of body

determine the form and contour of body

endomysium

delicate connective tissue membrane that covers skeletal muscle fibers

perimysium

tough connective tissue binding together fascicles (groups of fibers)

epimysium

coarse sheath covering the muscle as a whole

tendon

a strong tough cord continuous at its other end with the fibrous periosteum covering the bone

muscle size

range from extremely small to large masses

muscle shape

variety of shapes, like broad, narrow, long, tapering, short, etc

muscle arrangement

variety of arrangements like parallel to long axis, converging to a narrow attachment, oblique, etc; direction of fibers is significant because of relationship to function

origin

point of attachment that does not move when the muscle contracts

insertion

point of attachment that moves when the muscle contracts

tendon sheaths

sheets of fibrous connective tissue that form double walled tubes

aponeurosis

fibrous wrapping of a muscle that extends as a broad flat sheet of connective tissue

fascia

fibrous connective tissue surrounding the muscle organ and located outside the epimysium and tendon

parallel musles

long strap-like muscles with parallel fascicles

convergent muscles

fascicles that radiate out from a small to a wider point of attachment

pennate muscles

featherlike in appearance. 3 different types of fascicle attachments that resemble a feather pen

unipennate muscles

fascicles that anchor to only one side of the connective tissue shaft

bipennate muscles

double feathered attachment in fascicles

multipennate muscles

numerous connecting quill like fascicles converge on a common point of attachment

fusiform muscles

fascicles that may be close to parallel in the center (belly) of the muscle but converge to a tendon at one or both ends

spiral muscle

fibers that twist between their point of attachment

circular muscles

circle body tubes or openings muscles

prime mover

a muscle that directly performs a specific movement

agonist

any “mover” muscle that directly performs a movement, including the prime mover

antagonist

directly oppose prime movers; relax while agonist is contracting to produce movement

provide precision and control during contraction of prime movers

synergists

muscles that contract at the same time as the prime movers

facilitate prime mover actions to produce a more efficient movement

fixator muscles

joint stabilizers (type of synergist)

belly

the central body portion contracts when a muscle shortens