Chp 10-11 Marist CRJ101

The Brutal Early Years

Lex talionis/ an eye for an eye

• Public spectacle.

• Hanging.

• Flogging.

• Stocks and pillory.

Pennsylvania System

• Isolation and silence are needed to seek retribution or penance

• eastern state penitentiary

Aurburn System

• reformation

• Congregate system, work and dine in groups but spend the night in solitary

• Earning money for convict labor.

• Overcrowding.

Convict Leasing Systems

• Developing skills and work habits.

• Contract system.

• inmates can work for very small amounts of money

The Abolition of Slavery and the Black Codes

• Thirteenth Amendment loophole meant prisons would work as slaves

• Criminalizing formerly enslaved people.

• Black Codes.

• Increases in Black prison populations.

The Reformation Movement

• National Prison Association 1870.

• Focus on reformation.

• Declaration of Principles.

• Philosophy summary.

• punish the crime not the criminals

• physical punishment to subdue inmates allowed

Elmira Reformatory

• Zebulon Brockway first warden who Operated under Declaration of Principles.

• Extracurricular activities.

• Corporal punishment.

Women in prison

• Little attention to worse conditions.

• Sexual abuse.

• First all women prison: Indiana Women’s Reformatory.

• warden called matrons

• hard to keep staffed

Return to the Punitive Approach

• Little reduction in recidivism.

• 1900s favoring more punitive punishment.

• “Warehousing” as punishment.

Solitary Confinement

• Overuse and misuse.

• Physically, visually, and audibly confined.

• Demographics and bias, majority black

• “the shoe, hole, administrative segregation”

• 23 hours isolation

Recidivism

to get re-incarcerated

MEDIUM-SECURITY PRISONS

• Theft and assault.

• More interactions.

• Work and treatment programs.

• Lower staff-to-individual incarcerated ratio.

MAXIMUM-SECURITY PRISONS

• Violent crimes committed.

• Remote-controlled doors.

• Checkpoints.

• Alcatraz.

John Augustus

• “Father of probation.”

• Responsible for initiating modern concepts.

• Voluntary probation officer.

• Need outgrew number of volunteers.

Problem-Solving Courts

• Specialized courts for meeting needs.

• Intensive oversight from judge.

• Increased efficiency with greater expertise.

goal of community corrections

• Punishment

• Community safety

• Rehabilitation

• Non-intervention

• Restorative justice

Primary types of community corrections

• probation and intermediate

• Benefits of individualization/customization:

a. Promote change.

b. Enable superior monitoring.

c. Address dynamic risk factors that contributed to the initial criminal behavior.

d. Reduce the risk of recidivism.

Probation

• Conditional release.

• Violation of terms.

Most common intermediate sanctions:

• Fines

• Restitution

• Community service

• Intensive supervision probation

• Electronic monitoring

• Residential community housing

• Work-release program

Net Widening

• Increasing harshness of sentencing.

• judges resist new correctional programs.

• Problematic.

Advantages of Corrections in the Community

• Cost.

• Social benefits.

Rights of Victims/Survivors and Corrections in the Community

• Victims’ rights legislation.

• Technology enhanced victims’ rights.

Probation officers

• Arm of the court.

• Law enforcement with social worker perspective.

• Assault on probation officers

Duties of Probation Officers

• Probation investigation.

• Risk assessment and classification.

• Supervision.

Probation Tech

• GPS monitoring.

• Remote alcohol detection (RAD), sober links

• Eye scans.

• Social media monitoring.