macromolecules

macromolecules/polymers

large organic molecules

dehydration reaction

bonds 2 monomers with the loss of H2O; the -OH of one monomer bonds to the -H of another monomer, forming H2O, which is then released

hydrolysis

breaks the bonds in a polymer by adding H2O; one -H of the H2O bonds to one monomer and the remaining - OH of the H2O attache to the other monomer

carbohydrates

contain a carbonyl group and hydroxyl groups; the immediate source of human energy, cellular fuel, and building materials

monosaccharides

the monomer of a carbohydrate; glucose being the most common

disaccharides

monosaccharides connected by glycosidic linkage

glycosidic linkage

covalent bonds formed by dehydration synthesis; formed between joins a carbohydrate (sugar) and another carbohydrate

maltose

disaccharide; two glucose joined together

lactose

disaccharide; glucose and galactose joined together

sucrose

most prevalent disaccharide and table sugar; glucose and fructose joined together

starch

storage polysaccharide; composed of only glucose monomers, and found inside a plants plastids

amylose

unbranched strands in starch

amylopectin

branched strands in starch

glycogen

storage polysaccharide; stored in the liver and muscles of organisms, and is more branched than amylopectin

cellulose

structural polysaccharide; found in plant cell walls, and is the beta form of glucose that is joined in strands, but never branched

beta form of glucose

indigestible by the human body, but capable of digestion by certain bacterias and fungi’s

chitin

arthopod exoskeletons; glucose monomers with H appendages

carbohydrate composition

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen