HISTORY OF COMPUTERS

computer

programmable electronic device that processes data according to instructions provided by software programs.

Abacus

considered as the earliest counting device

Napier’s bone

invented by John Napier in 1617

Pascaline

considered as the first successful mechanical calculator

Mechanical computers

performs arithmetic or logical operations using motion of mechanical

components.

Difference Engine No. 1

is the first complete design for an automatic calculating engine.

Analytical Engine

Had a Store (memory) to hold numbers and intermediate results.

Abacus

Invented around 2500––3000 BCE in Mesopotamia

and latter improved in China..

Napier’s Bone

Made of rods ((usually wood,, bone,, or ivory))

engraved with multiapplication tables.

Pascaline

Created to help Pascal’s father compute taxes

Difference Engine

The design describes a machine to calculate a series of values and

print results automatically in a table.

Analytical Engine

Charles Babbage’s visionary design for a general-purpose

mechanical computer, proposed in 1837.

Ada Lovelace

Worked with Charles Babbage,, the

creator of the Analytical Engine.

Herman Hollerith- 1880

began designing a machine to tabulate census data more efficiently

1st Generation

computers used vacuum tubes

2nd Generation

computers used transistors

3rd Generation

computers used integrated circuits

4th Generation

computers were defined microprocessors

5th Generation

computers focus on artificial intelligence hardware

Abacus

Laid the foundation for the development of modern calculating devices

Napier’s Bone

helped pave the away for mechanical calculators

Pascaline

inspire later mechanical calculators and eventually modern computers

Mechanical Computers

They rely on gears, pulleys, levers, and rotating shafts to process information.

Difference Engine

The 1830 design shows a machine calculating with sixteen digits

and six orders of difference. The Engine called for some 25,000

parts shared equally between the calculating section and the

printer.

Analytical Engine

Had a Mill (processor) to perform arithmetic operations.

Ada Lovelace

Wrote the first algorithm intended to be processed by a machine. Because of this, she is recognized as the world’s first computer

programmer

Hollerith’s Punch Card

Herman Hollerith invented a punched card device to process the 1890 U.S. census data more efficiently. His major breakthrough was using electricity to read, count, and sort the punched cards, greatly speeding up data analysis.

1st Generation

Created by John Ambrose Fleming

in 1904. They were bulky, power-hungry,

and prone to overheating.

2nd Generation

Invented by William Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain, in December 1947. Compared to vacuum tubes, these are smaller (1 in.), faster, and more reliable, with lower power use and less heat.

3rd Generation

They were first Introduced by Jack S. Kilby, in 1958. They are microchips that has numerous transistors, resistors, capacitors, and inductors inside..

4th Generation

They were first introduced by Intel C4004, in 1971

It has three core components:

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)- calculations

Register- temporary

Control Unit- internal memory and

processing unit

5th Generation

They were created due to GPUs

(graphic processing unit) originally

for gamming in 1951,, but was utilized

in data processing around 2006-2007.

Analytical Engine (1837)

By Charles Babbage

Stepped Reckoner (1673)

By Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

Pascaline (1642)

By Blaise Pascal