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What is a psychotic disorder?
major break from reality/loose contact with reality
percieve the world in a vastly different way than others
schizo is an example of a severe psychotic disorder
What is the diagnostic criterita of schizoprenia?
SCHIZOPRENIA diagnosed when:
(ACCORDING TO ICD 11)
one of the core symptoms is shown for at least ONE month (duration)
Two symptoms may be necessary in a less clear-cut case
Other causes of the symptoms must be eliminated before a diagnosis is made: eg
substance misuse
medicine side effcts
underlying physical conditon such as brain tumor
What must be elliminated before a diagnosis is made? (confounding)
Other causes of the symptoms must be eliminated before a diagnosis is made:
substance missuse
medicine side effcts
underlying physical conditon such as brain tumor
What are the ICD 11 categories for symptoms
6 (dimensional) descriptors
each dimension rated on a four-point scale
includes POSITIVE and NEGATIVE symptoms
+ symptoms relating to
mood
cognition
behaviour
WHAT IS A POSITIVE SYMPTOM?
an experience that is “an addition to” or “distortion of a normal experience
“presence of psychological abnormality”
What is a NEGATIVE SYMPTOM?
level of functioning falls BELOW normal levels
“absence of thoughts, feelings or behaviours that would generally be considered psychologically normal”
Types of POSITIVE syptoms:
CORE SYMPTOMS:
(PERSISTENT) HALLUCINATIONS
sensory experiences
involuntary perceptual experiences that happen in the absence of external stimuli
eg. people with schizophrenia may HEAR or SEE things others cant - without control over it.
TYPES OF HALLUCINATIONS
visual
olfactory
somatosensory
EXPERIENCES OF INFLUENCE, PASSIVITY OR CONTROL
subjective experience that thoughts, feelings and actions are influenced or controlled by something EXTERNAL
ICD calls these feelings EXPERIENCESSS.
delusional beliefs may develop as a way of explaining these experiences
EX, believing that aliens are implanting thoughts into our brains because of a feeling that they don’t belong to us
TYPES:
thought withdrawal- feeling that thoughts are being removed
thought insertion- feeling that thoughts are being implanted
thought broadcasting: feeling that thoughts are being transmitted to others
DELUSIONS
fixed beliefs that conflict with reality
some relate to everyday situations, some can be bizarre
TYPES:
GRANDEUR - strongly held belief that you re someone with abilities of special powers … seeing themselves as exceptional in some way
PERSECUTION - strongly held belief that they are in danger, others are conspiring against you in an attempt to do you harm
REFERENCE - strongly held belief that situations or events have personal significance That events in the environment are related to them: eg that the television program is talking abt them.
WHAT ENTAILS HALLUCINATIONS
(PERSISTENT) HALLUCINATIONS
sensory experiences
involuntary perceptual experiences that happen in the absence of external stimuli
eg. people with schizophrenia may HEAR or SEE things others cant - without control over it.
TYPES OF HALLUCINATIONS
visual
olfactory
somatosensory
WHAT ENTAILS “experiences of influence, passivity or control) (CORE POS SYMPTOM)
EXPERIENCES OF INFLUENCE, PASSIVITY OR CONTROL
subjective experience that thoughts, feelings and actions are influenced or controlled by something EXTERNAL
ICD calls these feelings EXPERIENCESSS.
delusional beliefs may develop as a way of explaining these experiences
EX, believing that aliens are implanting thoughts into our brains because of a feeling that they don’t belong to us
TYPES:
thought withdrawal- feeling that thoughts are being removed
thought insertion- feeling that thoughts are being implanted
thought broadcasting: feeling that thoughts are being transmitted to others
WHAT ENTIALS DELUSIONS (core positive symptom)
DELUSIONS
fixed beliefs that conflict with reality
some relate to everyday situations, some can be bizarre
TYPES:
GRANDEUR - strongly held belief that you’re someone with abilities of special powers … seeing themselves as exceptional in some way
PERSECUTION - strongly held belief that they are in danger, others are conspiring against you in an attempt to do them harm
REFERENCE - strongly held belief that situations or events have personal significance and That events in the environment are related to them: eg that the television program is talking about them.
What are predomal symptoms
before schizoprenia diagnosis weaker versions of core symotoms shown: called PREDOMAL SYMPTOMS
eg someone with persecutory ideation may hold FALSE BELEIFS that they arent AS strong - eg thinking people might have been talking about you VS being convinced that they were talkin about you.
WHAT are some OTHER positive symptoms other than the 3 core symptoms:
derailment - losing train of thought
leads to muddled speech
ideas jumbled
neologism
new words created by mixing words together
behavior may be disorganized
actions
gestures
posture
become UNEXPECTED, inappropriate or purposeless
NEGATIVE SYMPTOMS
ABSENCE OF THOUGHTS FEELINGS OR BEHAVIOURS CONSIDERED PSYCHOLOGICALLY NORMAL
basically functioning on a level is lower than it would be in a normal person (eg lower motivation to carry out a goal directed behaviour = avoliton)
experiences:
flattened effect: Not experiencing typical emotional
highs and lows (blunted emotional expression
avoltion - unable to carry out goal directed behaviours - lack of motivation
Alogia- lack of a spoken language
asociality - social withdrawal
anhedonia - unable to experience pleasure
AGE OF ONSET OF SCHIZOPRENIA
prevlance
similar for males and females (0.3-0.7%)
age of onset
EARLIER FOR MALES (EARLY TO MID 20S)
late onset more common in femalees (from age 40)
rarely diagnosed in children under age of 13
Why is schizoprenia rarely diagnosed in clildren under 13?
symptoms can overlap with other disorders such as autism and OCD
diagnosis is difficult and unreliable
UNLESSSSS………..
diagnosis is clearly obvious (Eg eneji et al 2018)
Note 
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