Psych 333 Past and Present

The Four Criteria for defining psychopathology

Deviance, Distress, Dysfunction, and Danger

Deviance

moving away form the norm and doing something that makes people uncomfortable

Distress

an emotion or internal experience that is upsetting to the individual but cannot be directly observed by others

Mania

do not cause an immediate distress in people, it is an elevated mood state often associated with increased pleasure, but also risk-taking

Dysfunction

An inability to function in what they are capable of and what is getting in the way of them functioning their best in educational, occupational, familial, and/or social settings

Danger

An abnormal behavior may make someone cause harm to themselves or others and is often prosocialP

Prosocial

Voluntary actions intended to benefit another person, a group, or society as a whole —> social approval or personal satisfaction

DSM-5 defintion of a mental disorder

a clinically significant syndrome reflecting a dysfunction in psychological, biological, or developmental processes, usually involving a disturbance in cognition (thinking), emotional regulation, or behavior, significant personal distress, and a disability in social, occupational, or other important activities

Two concepts of happiness

Eudaimonic and hedonic wellbeingE

Eudaimonic Wellbeing

living a fulfilling lifeH

Hedonic Wellbeing

living a pleasurable life, free of pain

Early approaches to dealing with mental health when conceptualized as possesion

Demon possession -trephination & exorcisms-

Demon Possession

the believed cause of most abnormal behavior, including witchcraft

Trephination

Making a hole in the skull to release demonic influence - showed evidence of understanding that the brain has some importance in explaining human behavior

Exorcisms

to make the human body uncomfortable for a demon

Hippocrates

A Greek physician who took a natural approach to disease — classified mental disorder, including phobia, epilepsy, mania, melancholia, and paranoia

Hippocrates 4 Humors

Yellow bile, black bile, blood, and phlegm

Yellow Bile

anger or mania

Black Bile

Insomnia & depression

Blood

Hopeful, optimismP

Phlegm

calm, limited emotionality

Phillipe Pinel

Known for his humane treatment of individuals with mental health conditions - created a moral, compassionate care emphasizing improvement in diet, hygiene, and healthy enviro

Benjamin Rush

advocated for humane approaches to treatment - talking and walking with patients and hiring good, competent care providers

Hysteria

emotional and physical symptoms without a known organic cause - exaggerated or uncontrollable emotion or excitement

three symptom presentations of hysteria

Anesthesia, Hemianesthesia, and Abasia

Anesthesia as a symptom of Hysteria

The loss of feelings of touch, typically in some part of the body

Hemianesthesia a symptom of hysteria

Anesthesia on a single side of the body

Abasia a symptom of hysteria

a loss of the ability to walk; but in hysteria, without a physical cause

Alternative Cultural Perspectives

Mental health was understood and treated in many cultures outside of European history

Cultural Perspective: Indigenous Jamaica

Used natural blends of herbs and fruits as rudimentary pharamacceuticals

Cultural Perspectives: Ancient Iran

Had trained clinicians who focused on the psyche (mind) and practiced forms of psychotherapy

Cultural perspectives: India

Used holistic approaches involving diet, medicine, and behavior to treat mental illness

Linehan

Developed Dialectical Behavior Therapy to treat borderline personality disorder

Dialectical Behavior Therapy

Teaches people skills to manage their emotions, handle stress, and improve their relationships

Clark

The first psychologist to have her work used in a Supreme Court ruling, Brown v. Board of Education on racial identify and self-esteem in Black children, especially the “doll test”

Horney

Challenged Freuds views and founded feminist psychology, focusing on social influences on gender differences

The Biopsychosocial Approach

a framework for understanding health and illness that integrates biological, psychological, and social factors as influence on human well-being

Example of The Biopsychosocial Approach

If a patient begins to experience schizophrenia early in life, that likely results from a biological cause; however, their functioning and the severity of symptoms may relate to their capacity to cope (psychological factors) and their access to services and supports (social factors)