AP bio topic 6

biological macromolecules

what are the 4 macromolecules

lipids, proteins, carbs, nucleic acids

which macromolecules only contain carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen (CHO)

carbohydrates and lipids

which macromolecule is has nitrogen (CHON)

proteins

which macromolecule has phosphorus (CHONP)

nucleic acid

what are macromolecules made from

monomers

what is a monomer

basic molecular units that can join together to form polymers

(ex: glucose, a monomer of carbohydrates)

what are polymers

large molecules composed of repeating monomer units. these macromolecules are formed through dehydration synthesis reactions, where monomers are bonded together by the removal of water.

what macromolecule does not have a monomer

lipids

what is dehydration synthesis

when joining two monomers together, a water molecule is removed, forming a covalent bond. this process is called dehydration synthesis. a water molecule is produced in the process

what is hydrolysis

the reverse of dehydration synthesis, where water is added to break the bonds between monomers, breaking down polymers to monomers

what are carbohydrates

organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, usually in 1:2:1 ratio. they function as the body’s main source of energy and fuel and also make up structural materials. depending on how big the carb is, they can be classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides, or polysaccharides, and have various functions

monosaccharides

the simplest form of carbohydrates, consisting of single sugar molecules

ex: glucose, fructose, galactose

disaccharide

formed by the joining of two monosaccharides through a dehydration reaction

ex: sucrose (glucose + fructose), lactose, and maltose

what are polysaccharides

long chains of monosaccharides units bonded together

what is starch

the storage form of glucose in plants

what is glycogen

the storage form of glucose in animals

what is cellulose

a major component of plant cell walls, providing structural support

what is chitin

found in the exoskeletons of arthropods and the cell walls of fungi

what are proteins

complex molecules made up of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

what are amino acids

amino acids are the building blocks of proteins

what do side chains do

determine the properties and functions of amino acids

what is a peptide bond

formed by dehydration reactions between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another

what are polypeptides

long chains of amino acids. proteins are made of one or more polypeptides.

what are the functions of proteins

antibody: defense against pathogens

enzyme: catalysts for biochemical reactions

messenger: hormones and signaling molecules

structural: provide support and shape

transport: carry substances

what are nucleic acids

macromolecules that store and transmit genetic information. there are two types of nucleic acids: DNA and RNA.

what are the monomers of nucleic acids

nucleotides

what is dna (deoxyribonucleic acid)

stores genetic information for all living things

what is rna (ribonucleic acid)

transmits genetic information and helps in protein synthesis

what are phosphodiester linkages

bonds between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the sugar of another

what is directionality

nucleic acids have a 5’ to 3’ direction, important for replication and transcription

what does the order of nucleotides determine

the genetic information

what are lipids

hydrophobic molecules that play roles in energy storage, membrane structure, and signaling

what components are lipids made of

glycerol and fatty acids

what is glycerol

a three carbon alcohol

what is saturated fat

no double bonds, solid at room temperature

found in animal products and some plant oils; can raise bad cholesterol and increase heart disease risk

what is unsaturated fat

one of more double bonds, liquid at room temperature

monounsaturated fats

help reduce bad cholesterol (LDL) and lower heart risk disease

polyunsaturated fats

beneficial for heart health and reducing inflammation

trans fats

created by hydrogenating oils; raise bad cholesterol and lower good cholesterol, increasing heat disease risk

what is the function of phospholipids

form cell membranes with hydrophilic heads facing the exterior and hydrophobic tails facing the interior

what do steroids do

include hormones like testosterone and cholesterol. steroids are able to diffuse through the cell membrane, bind to DNA and regulate gene expression.