Nutrition

\______ increases energy expenditure above basal energy needs by about 25% to 40%.

Adaptive thermogenesis
Thermic effect of food
Metabolism
Physical activity

Adaptive thermogenesis

\______ obesity is a pattern of body fat distribution that is associated with an increased incidence of cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension.

Android
Gynoid
Morbid
Cardiometabolic

Android

A \______ is usually a more accurate tool for estimating the number of calories you burn during a workout than internal calorie estimators on cardio machines.

bathroom scale
body fat monitor
step counter
heart rate monitor

heart rate monitor

A buildup of fluids in extracellular spaces:

Edema

A component of body composition, calculated by subtracting body fat weight from total body weight

Lean body mass

A compound that speeds the rate of chemical processes but is not altered by the process:

Enzyme

A condition characterized by a body mass index below 18.5

Underweight

A condition characterized by a body mass index of 30 or more

Obesity

A condition characterized by excess body fat:

Obesity

A condition in which blood pressure remains persistently elevated:

Hypertension

A disease that results from consuming an insufficient amount of protein and energy

Marasmus

A disease that results from consuming marginal energy and considerably insufficient protein despite high needs:

Kwashiorkor

A food label states that a serving of a particular product provides 20 percent of the Daily Value for fat. This means that

when you eat a serving of this product, you will be getting one

fifth of the RDA for fat.
a serving of this product provides about 13 grams of fat.
this product is not a good choice to achieve your nutritional needs.
fat makes up 20% of the weight of the food product.

A food's kilocalorie content compared to the weight of the food:

Energy Density

A food's kilocalorie content compared to the weight of the food:

Proportionality

A food's nutrient content in relation to its energy contribution:

Nutrition Density

A meal consisting of a cheeseburger, large fries, and a chocolate shake provides a total of 1,120 kilocalories. Forty

eight percent of the energy in the meal is from carbohydrate and 13 percent is from protein. How many kilocalories of fat does the meal contain?

137
313
287
437

A mixture of stomach secretions and partially digested food:

Chyme

A muscular valve that controls the flow of food matter into the stomach:

Esophageal sphincter

A person that does not eat any animal foods and consumes only plant products is called a(n)

fruitarian.
omnivore.
lactoovovegetarian.
vegan.

vegan.

A physical state in which protein intake is equal to related protein losses:

Protein equilibrium

A recurrent and serious form of heartburn is called

pernicious anemia.
atrophic gastritis.
gastroesophageal reflux disease.
eosinophilic esophagitis.

gastroesophageal reflux disease.

A state in which nutritional intake greatly exceeds the body's needs

Overnutrition

A substance released into the small intestine to aid fat absorption:

Bile

According to MyPlate, eggs belong in the \______ group.

protein
chicken
grains
dairy

protein

According to MyPlate, food choices from the Grains group should include

an equal amount of whole grain and refined grain products.
at least half of the grain servings as whole grain cereals, breads, crackers, rice, or pasta every day.
only whole grain products.
a serving of grain products at each meal.

at least half of the grain servings as whole grain cereals, breads, crackers, rice, or pasta every day.

According to the Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) of the National Academy of Sciences, \______ of kilocalories should come from carbohydrates.

20% to 35%
45% to 65%
10% to 35%

45% to 65%

According to the Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) of the National Academy of Sciences, \______ of kilocalories should come from fat.

20% to 35%
45% to 65%
10% to 35%

20% to 35%

According to the Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) of the National Academy of Sciences, \______ of kilocalories should come from protein.

20% to 35%
45% to 65%
10% to 35%

10% to 35%

All of the following must be supplied by the diet to support the chemical processes of human physiology except

lipids.
carbohydrates.
phytochemicals.
vitamins and minerals.

phytochemicals.

Also called android obesity

associated with a higher risk of heart disease, hypertension, and diabetes

Upper

Also called gynoid obesity

estrogen and progesterone encourage body fat storage in the buttocks and thighs

Lower

Also known as protein

sparing modified fast

calories generally are consumed in liquid form

Very

Altering the environment to minimize the stimuli for eating, such as removing foods from sight

Stimulus control

Amino acids that can be synthesized by a healthy body in sufficient amounts:

Nonessential amino acids

Amino acids that cannot be synthesized by humans in sufficient amounts and therefore must be included in the diet:

Essential amino acids

Amylase is

an indigestible fiber.
a branched chain of glucose units.
an enzyme that digests starch.
a straight chain of glucose units.

an enzyme that digests starch.

An adult who follows a 2000

kcal Healthy U.S.

An aspect of our lives that may make us more likely to develop a disease:

Risk Factor

An essential amino acid

can be synthesized in the body if there is a nitrogen source.
can be synthesized in the body if caloric intake is adequate.
cannot be synthesized in the body in sufficient quantity to meet body needs.
can be formed in the body from semiessential amino acids.

cannot be synthesized in the body in sufficient quantity to meet body needs.

As one finds his or her weight loss slowing down during a weight control program, the best practice is to

restrict more food choices.
reduce food intake to less than 1,000 kilocalories per day.
stop the weight control program and take a break.
increase the type or intensity of physical activity.

increase the type or intensity of physical activity.

Basal metabolism is the energy expended

when sleeping.
when doing moderate activity.
when resting, but awake, and in a fasting state.
to make food available to the body.

when resting, but awake, and in a fasting state.

Bob is a 34

year

Breaking the link between two or more behaviors that encourage overeating, such as snacking while watching television

Chain

Changing one's frame of mind regarding eating, such as instead of overeating after a difficult day, try substituting other pleasures for rewards, such as a walk with a friend

Cognitive restructuring

Changing one's frame of mind related to weight control and nutrition is called

stimulus control.
self

monitoring.
chain

Chemical elements used in the body to promote chemical reactions and to form body structures:

minerals

Chemical substances in food that contribute to health:

Nutrients

Choosing foods from all the food groups and subgroups:

Variety

Chronically high blood sugar that is due to insulin resistance:

Type 2 diabetes

Chronically high blood sugar that is due to lack of insulin production:

Type 1 diabetes

Collection of cells adapted to perform a specific function:

Tissue

Compound secreted into the bloodstream that acts to control the function of distant cells:

Hormone

Compound that speeds the rate of a chemical process but is not altered by the process:

Enzyme

Currently, the best estimate for the amount of protein required for nearly all adults is \______ grams per kilogram of body weight per day.

2
0.6
0.8
1.5

0.8

Dietary proteins that are low in or lack one or more essential amino acids:

Incomplete protein

Dietary proteins that contain ample amounts of all nine essential amino acids:

Complete protein

Diets high in trans fatty acids tend to \______ levels of LDL in the blood.

decrease
increase

increase

Donovan has been consuming large quantities of food and in violation of safe rules of athletic training is injecting testosterone. He has been seeing large temporary gains in muscle mass. He is in a state of

negative protein balance.
positive protein balance.
energy equilibrium.
excess protein balance.

positive protein balance.

During rest and light activities, \______ are the main fuel for muscles.

fatty acids
amino acids
phospholipids
monosaccharides

fatty acids

Edema appears when there is a severe lack of dietary protein because

sodium is retained in the body.
blood protein levels fall and fluid shifts to the tissues.
blood protein levels increase and force fluid into the tissues.
increased protein synthesis occurs in tissues causing fluid to flow into them from the blood.

blood protein levels fall and fluid shifts to the tissues.

Excessive sugar intake is related to development of dental caries because

oral bacteria produce acids that dissolve tooth enamel when they metabolize sugars.
sugar leaches calcium and phosphorus out of teeth.
salivary amylase dissolves tooth enamel during carbohydrate digestion.
sugars make the saliva more alkaline, causing damage to tooth enamel.

oral bacteria produce acids that dissolve tooth enamel when they metabolize sugars.

Failing health that results from long

standing dietary practices that are inadequate to meet nutritional needs:

Failing health that results from long

standing dietary practices that do not coincide with nutritional needs

Fatty fish, such as salmon, are rich sources of which omega

3 fatty acid?

Arachidonic acid (AA)
Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA)
Alpha

Fiber belongs to the class of nutrients known as

carbohydrates
protein.
lipids.
minerals.

carbohydrates

Fingerlike projections in the small intestine that participate in digestion and absorption of nutrients:

Villi

For a woman who is 1.63 meters tall and weighs 72 kilograms, the body mass index would equal

18.
23.
27.
32.

27.

Forming a plan of action to respond to a situation in which overeating is likely, such as when snacks are within arm's reach at a party

Contingency management

Group of tissues designed to perform a specific function:

Organ

Heat needed to raise 1 liter of water 1 degree Celsius:

Kilocalorie

Hereditary material that provides the blueprints for the production of cell proteins:

Genes

High blood sugar that is first diagnosed during pregnancy:

Gestational diabetes

High protein diets may be harmful for

those with kidney disease.
athletes.
the elderly.
body builders.

those with kidney disease.

Hydrogenation changes a fat :

from liquid to solid.

If the carbohydrate content of the diet is insufficient to meet the body's needs for glucose, which of the following can be converted to glucose?

Urea
Fatty acids
Amino acids
Ketones

Amino acids

In order to ensure adequate intake of nutrients, choose vegetables

from local farms.
that are organic.
that have no preservatives.
from all five vegetable subgroups.

from all five vegetable subgroups.

In the case of sickle cell anemia, the slight alterations in the DNA of red blood cells lead to

defects in the membranes of these cells.
changes in the structure of the protein hemoglobin.
poor use of glucose for energy.
inability of the cells to make protein.

changes in the structure of the protein hemoglobin.

Insulin is one example of a protein that acts as

an antioxidant.
an enzyme.
a hormone.
an antibody.

a hormone.

Jackie is an alcoholic. Her liver has been damaged to such a degree that it cannot produce the appropriate blood proteins for fluid balance. She develops a condition called edema, which is

extreme thirst.
the build up of fluids in extracellular spaces.
loss of muscle mass.
cardiovascular disease.

the build up of fluids in extracellular spaces.

Jeff, a world

class triathlete, visits a dietitian to obtain sports nutrition advice. During his visit, Jeff is asked to recall what he ate for the past 24 hours. Which part of a nutritional assessment is this?

Biochemical evaluation
Dietary assessment
Clinical examination
Menu planning

John Fibernugget wants to increase his fiber intake. Which of the following would be the safest way for him do this?

Eating enriched grains such as Rice Krispies and Saltines
Buying bran and fiber supplements to add to his current diet
Reading the labels of grain products and buying those labeled "wheat flour"
Eating more fruits and vegetables and not removing the edible peels

Eating more fruits and vegetables and not removing the edible peels

Kate consumes 1,900 kilocalories each day. She requires 1,750 kilocalories to meet daily energy needs. Over time, Kate's kilocalorie consumption could lead to

undernutrition.
balanced nutrition.
overnutrition.

overnutrition.

Lipoprotein made in the intestine after fat absorption:

Chylomicron

Lipoprotein that carries cholesterol and lipids newly synthesized by the liver:

VLDL

Lipoprotein that picks up cholesterol from dying cells and other sources and transfers it to other lipoproteins, as well as directly to the liver:

HDL

Looking at the ingredients list on a jar of spaghetti sauce, you see that olive oil is the second ingredient. This means that olive oil is

the second ingredient by alphabetical listing.
just one of the ingredients present in the sauce.
the second most abundant ingredient by weight.
the second most abundant ingredient by volume.

the second most abundant ingredient by weight.

Low blood glucose that follows a day or so of fasting:

Fasting hypoglycemia

Low blood glucose that follows a meal high in simple sugars:

Reactive hypoglycemia

Many legumes are deficient in the essential amino

acid \______, while grains are limited in lysine.

methionine
alanine
lysine
arginine

Martha is maintaining her current weight by eating 2,500 kilocalories per day. To lose 1 pound of fat per week, she would have to decrease her intake to how many kilocalories per day?

2,200 to 2,300
1,900 to 2,000
1,500 to 1,600
1,000 to 1,200

1,900 to 2,000

Measurement of the amount of heat produced by a subject enclosed within a small chamber

Direct calorimetry

Measurements of height, weight, body circumferences, and body fat are called

sonography.
electrocardiography.
radiography.
anthropometry.

anthropometry.

Metabolism that characteristically conserves more energy than normal, and eventually increases the risk of weight gain and obesity

Thrifty metabolism

Method of measuring a body's energy use by measuring its oxygen uptake and then using formulas to convert that gas exchange into energy use

Indirect calorimetry

Minimal energy the body requires to support itself when resting, awake, and in fasted state

Basal metabolism

Most chemical digestion takes place in the

stomach.
small intestine.
pancreas.
large intestine.

small intestine.