Bio: Transport

glycolipid

a lipid in the plasma membrane with an attached carbohydrate chain, assembled in the Golgi apparatus

Extracellular matrix (ECM)

nonliving substance secreted by some animal cells, made of proteins and polysaccharides

glycoprotein

a protein in the plasma membrane with an attached carbohydrate chain, assembled in the Golgi apparatus

filaments of cytoskeleton

the inner framework of the cell; made of microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments

peripheral protein

protein only on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane

integral protein

proteins embedded in the phospholipid bilayer

structure of a cell membrane

phospholipid bilayer, phospholipid, glycoprotein, extracellular matrix, glycolipid, cholesterol, carbohydrate chain, peripheral protein, integral protein, filaments of cytoskeleton

channel proteins

proteins that form channels to allow a particular molecule or ion to cross the plasma membrane

carrier proteins

proteins in the plasma membrane that combine with and transport a molecule or ion across the plasma membrane

receptor proteins

proteins located in the plasma membrane or within the cell; they bind to a substance that alters some metabolic aspect of the cell

cell recognition proteins

recognize when the body is being invaded by pathogens and allow an immune response to occur

sodium potassium pump

carrier protein in plasma membrane moves sodium ions out and potassium ions; important in the function of nerve and muscle cells in animals; sodium(Na+)x3, potassium(K+)x2

permeable

a substance can cross the membrane by diffusion

semipermiable

the solvent can cross, but the solute can not

differentially permeable

the membrane only allows certain substances to pass

facilitated diffusion

diffusion across a membrane using a transport protein; moves along the concentration gradient

osmosis

the diffusion of water; flows towards the hypertonic solution

hypertonic

a greater concentration of solute than another concentration; a concentration solution; low amount of water

hypotonic

less concentration of solute than another solution; a dilute solution; high amounts of water

isotonic

the same concentration of solute as another solution

exocytosis

the process by which an intracellular vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane so that the vesicle’s contents are released outside the cell

endocytosis

the process by which substances are moved into the cell

phagocytosis

the process where large molecules are taken into the cell by endocytosis; intracellular vacuole is formed

pinocytosis

the process where a vesicle is created around a liquid or small particles to bring them into the cell

receptor-mediated endocytosis

bulk transport into a cell using cell surface receptors

enzymatic proteins

proteins that catalyze a specific reaction; they may be found in the plasma membrane or the cytoplasm

diffusion

when a substance moves down the concentration gradient; does not use a transport protein

contractile vacuole

a vacuole that pushes water out of a cell; active transport

bulk transport

does not need a protein channel; needs ATP; along or against the concentration gradient; active transport

passive transport

movement across the cell membrane using no energy; the molecules move randomly; moves along the concentration graident

active transport

movement across a membrane using ATP and a transport protein; goes against the concentration gradient; ex: pumping, bulk transport

pumping

molecules move against the concentration gradient; ex: sodium potassium pump

cytolysis

the bursting of any cell

crenation

the shrinking of red blood cells

plasmolysis

the shrinking of any cell