Blood and the Cardiovascular System

Plasma makes up

55% of whole blood

buffy coat

<1% of whole blood leukocytes & platelets

Erythrocytes

45% of whole blood

what are red blood cells comprised of?

erythrocytes which contain hemoglobin, enabling them to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body.

what is the purpose for biconcave discs?

to increase the surface area of red blood cells for enhanced gas exchange.

where are erythrocytes formed and what is needed for DNA synthesis

Erythrocytes are formed in the bone marrow, and the synthesis of DNA requires vitamin B12 and folic acid.

what is the function of erythrocytes

transport gases (such as oxygen from the lungs to body tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues back to the lungs) and nutrients

hemoglobin

An iron based protein in red blood cells responsible for transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body.

in love with oxygen and carbon dioxide.

oxyhemoglobin

Hemoglobin that is bound to oxygen, forming a bright red compound that transports oxygen in the blood.

deoxyhemoglobin

Hemoglobin that is not bound to oxygen, resulting in a darker color and allowing for the transport of carbon dioxide back to the lungs.

hypoxia

A condition characterized by low O2 supply to tissues, often leading to cellular dysfunction.

cyanosis

A bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes resulting from inadequate oxygenation of the blood.

O2 binds to what on the hemoglobin molecule?

heme, the iron-containing component of hemoglobin that allows oxygen to attach.

mature erythrocytes don’t have what?

nuclei or mitochondria, allowing for more space to carry hemoglobin.

erythrocytes create energy through

glycolysis & no new proteins get made since they lack a mitochondria

erythrocytes can survive for how long?

about 120 days in the bloodstream before being removed by the spleen.

what destroys erythrocytes

macrophages in the spleen and liver after their lifespan ends.

erythrocytes are breaken down into what

globin and heme components, which are recycled in the body.

erythropoietin

A hormone produced primarily by the kidneys that stimulates the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow.

controls levels

white blood cells are also known as

leukocytes

luekocytes and what make up <1% blood volume

platelets

leukocytes stimulated by hormones:

interleukinsand colony-stimulating factors.

diapedesis

the process by which white blood cells exit the bloodstream to enter tissues.

granulocytes

2x size of erythrocyte, 12 hr life

type of white blood cell with granules in its cytoplasm, includes neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.

neutrophils

engulf and destroy pathogens

most mobile

1st to arrive

phagocytes

eosinophils

attacks parasite worms

releases chemicals that reduce inflammation

release enzymes that end allergic responses

basophils

discharge granules at injury sites

histamine - causes vasodilation and contributes to inflammation, regulating blood flow during allergic reactions.

agranulocytes

white blood cells without granules, including lymphocytes and monocytes, involved in immune response.

monocytes

largest in size

phagocyte

lymphocytes

B & T cells that play crucial roles in adaptive immunity, with B cells producing antibodies and T cells destroying infected cells.

platelets (thrombocytes)

small cell fragments involved in blood clotting, originating from megakaryocytes in the bone marrow.

megakaryocyte

The large bone marrow cell that produces platelets by shedding their cytoplasm.

thrombopoetin stimulates megakaryocyte production in the bone marrow to increase platelet formation.

cell fragments produced from this cell type.

turn platelets in the capillaries in the lungs

hemostasis

The process of stopping bleeding or blood flow, involving vascular constriction, vasospasm, platelet aggregation, and coagulation.

vasospasm

The sudden constriction of a blood vessel, reducing blood flow.

vasoconstriction

The narrowing of blood vessels, which increases blood pressure and decreases blood flow to specific areas.

platelet plug

adhere to collagen & rough textures

in damaged blood vessel walls to form a temporary seal.

coagulation

the process by which blood changes from a liquid to a gel, forming a blood clot.

serum - plasma minus clotting factors, clear, yellowa fluid that remains after blood has clotted and is devoid of cells and clotting factors.

thromlus

a blood clot that forms in a blood vessel and remains attached to its place of origin

embolus

a clot that breaks free and travels through the bloodstream, potentially causing blockages in other vessels.

plasma

The liquid component of blood that carries cells, nutrients, hormones, and waste products while also containing proteins, electrolytes, and other substances.

90% water

makes up 55% blood by volume

helps control body temp

plasma proteins:

Albumin - regulates osmotic pressure & blood volume

globulins - immune response & transport of substances

fibrinogen - essential for blood clotting

type A blood

surface antigen A

anti B bodies that can cause agglutination in type B blood.

Type B blood

surface antigen B

anti A bodies that can cause agglutination in type A blood.

Type AB blood

surface antigen A and B no anti A or anti B bodies, can receive blood from all types.

type O blood

no surface antigens, contains both anti A and anti B bodies, can only receive from type O.

agglutination (clumping)

surface antigens + opposing antibodies

RH Positive

Erythrocytes with type D surface antigens & plasma with no anti D antibodies This means individuals can receive blood from RH positive and negative types without complications.

RH Negative

Erythrocytes lacking type D surface antigens and may have anti D antibodies in their plasma. This means individuals can only receive blood from RH negative donors to avoid complications.

genotype ex

L^m L^np

phenotype ex

m n

antigen present on red blood cell ex

m and n

atherosclerosis

hardening of arteries from fat deposits

angina

a condition marked by chest pain due to insufficient blood flow to the heart.

heart attack

a serious condition resulting from the blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle, often leading to damage or death of the heart tissue.

stroke

a medical condition where poor blood flow to the brain results in cell death and loss of functions.

high blood pressure

a condition in which the force of the blood against the artery walls is too high, often leading to serious health issues.

cholesterol

a type of fat found in the blood that is necessary for building cells but can lead to heart disease when levels are too high.

involved in making hormones, bile, & vitamin D

low density lipoprotein

cholesterol becomes part of plaque that can clog arteries and restrict blood flow, increasing the risk of heart disease and stroke.

high density lipoprotein

cholesterol that transports excess cholesterol from the arteries back to the liver, offering protective effects against heart disease.

statins

block cholesterol synthesis in liver, more receptors madeto remove LDL cholesterol from the blood.

echocardiography

a non-invasive imaging technique that uses ultrasound to evaluate heart function and structure, helping to diagnose various heart conditions.

MRI

a medical imaging technique that uses strong magnets and radio waves to create detailed images of organs and tissues, including the heart.

computed tomogrpahy angiography

a specialized type of CT scan that visualizes blood vessels and assesses blood flow using contrast material.

tissues of the heart

The layers of the heart, including the myocardium (muscle), endocardium (inner lining), and pericardium (outer covering), which play vital roles in cardiac function.

pericardial cavity

the space between the pericardium and the heart that contains pericardial fluid, providing cushioning and reducing friction during heartbeats.

auricles

small, wing-like structures on the upper chambers of the heart (atria) that help increase their capacity.

right artium

A chamber of the heart that receives deoxygenated blood from the body through the superior and inferior venae cavae and pumps it into the right ventricle. (from myocardium)

exits through tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. (using chordae tendrineae & papillary muscles)

rgiht ventricle

The chamber of the heart that receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium and pumps it out to the lungs through the pulmonary valve to pulmonary trunk which splits into the pulmonary artery for oxygenation.

left artium

The chamber of the heart that receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through the pulmonary veins and pumps it into the left ventricle.

exits through mital valve (bicuspid)

left ventricle

The chamber of the heart that receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium and pumps it into the aorta for distribution to the rest of the body. It has a thick muscular wall to generate the necessary pressure.

head uses what to pump deoxygenated blood into the heart

superior vena cava

heart uses what to pump deoxygenated blood into heart

coronary sinus

body uses what to pump deoxygenated blood into heart

inferior vena cava

blood goes from right atrium to right ventricle using what

tricuspid valve

what does blood go through to go from right ventricle to pulmonary trunk

pulmonary valve

the pulmonary trunk splits into what

right and left pulmonary arteries

where do pulmonary arteries go

to the lungs for oxygenation

lungs use what to get oxygenated blood into the heart

pulmonary veins

left atrium uses what to get blood into left ventricle

the mitral (bicuspid) valve

left ventricle uses what to transport blood to the aorta

the aortic valve

the aorta splits into what

the left and right coronary arteries

where do the coronary arteries go

the heart and the body to supply oxygenated blood

how much blood is in the human body?

5 liters

how big is the human heart?

approximately the size of a fist

what are the functions of blood?

To transport oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products; regulate body temperature and pH; and provide immune defense.

where are blood cells made and where do they mature?

made in bone marrow and mature in the spleen and lymph nodes.

What hormones are responsible for controlling the production of the different blood cells?

Erythropoietin, thrombopoietin, and various colony-stimulating factors (CSFs).

what are the functions of different types of blood cells?

red blood cells transport oxygen

white blood cells provide immune defense

platelets assist in blood clotting.

What are the blood types and how do they interact with one another?

types A, B, AB, and O. Blood type interactions depend on the presence of specific antigens and antibodies. Type A has A antigens and anti-B antibodies, type B has B antigens and anti-A antibodies, type AB has both A and B antigens and no antibodies, and type O has no antigens but both anti-A and anti-B antibodies.

agglutination

is the clumping of blood cells due to the interaction between antigens on the surface of the cells and antibodies in the serum, often triggered by incompatible blood transfusions.

What is the difference between a thrombus, plaque, embolus, and hemostasis?

A thrombus is a blood clot that forms in a blood vessel, plaque is a buildup of fats and other substances in the arteries, an embolus is a clot or debris that travels through the bloodstream and may obstruct a vessel, and hemostasis is the process that prevents and stops bleeding.

what are the steps of hemostasis?

The steps of hemostasis include vascular spasm (constriction of blood vessels), platelet plug formation (aggregation of platelets at the site of injury), and coagulation (the formation of a stable blood clot through a series of chemical reactions) to stop bleeding.

wnat is the foramen ovale?

The foramen ovale is a temporary opening between the right and left atria of the fetal heart that allows blood to bypass the non-functioning lungs. It typically closes after birth, becoming the fossa ovalis.

direction of blood flow of oxygenated vs. deoxygenated blood

Oxygenated blood flows from the lungs to the heart and then to the body, while deoxygenated blood returns from the body to the heart before going to the lungs for oxygenation.

Know the anatomy of the heart such as: coronary veins, coronary arteries, coronary sinus, apex

The heart's anatomy includes three layers of tissue: the epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium. Key structures comprise the septum that divides the heart chambers, nodes that regulate the heartbeat, papillary muscles that aid valve closure through chordae tendineae, and blood vessels including coronary arteries and veins that supply the heart muscle. the apex is the pointed tip of the heart, located at the lower left side, and it is where the heart's beat can be most easily felt.

systole vs diastole

Systole is the phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscles contract and pump blood out of the chambers, while diastole is the phase when the heart muscles relax and fill with blood.

What do you hear when you hear the first heart beat (lubb)?  The second (dubb)?

The first heart sound (lubb) is caused by the closure of the atrioventricular valves (tricuspid and mitral) at the beginning of systole, while the second heart sound (dubb) is caused by the closure of the semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonary) at the beginning of diastole.

What is represented by the P, QRS, and T of an EKG?

The P wave represents atrial depolarization, the QRS complex represents ventricular depolarization, and the T wave represents ventricular repolarization in an electrocardiogram (EKG).

What increases heart rate?  Decreases?

Factors like exercise, stress, and caffeine increase heart rate, while rest and certain medications decrease it.

What are the differences between arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins? Both structure and function.

Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart, have thick, muscular walls; arterioles are smaller branches of arteries that regulate blood flow; capillaries are tiny vessels where gas and nutrient exchange occurs; venules collect deoxygenated blood from capillaries; veins return blood to the heart, have thinner walls and valves to prevent backflow.