Humanites II Reformation leader

Martin Luther

• German monk and theologian

• Sparked the Protestant Reformation

• Wrote the Ninety-Five Theses in 1517

• Criticized the sale of indulgences

• Believed salvation came through faith alone

• Rejected papal authority

• Founded Lutheranism

• Translated the Bible into German

Pope Leo X

• Pope during the early Reformation

• Authorized the sale of indulgences

• Used indulgence money to fund church projects

• Excommunicated Martin Luther

• Failed to stop the spread of Protestantism

• His actions contributed to the Catholic–Protestant split

Henry VIII

• King of England

• Broke from the Catholic Church

• Created the Church of England

• Declared himself head of the Church

• Sought an annulment the pope refused

• Allowed Protestant reforms but kept many Catholic practices

Eramaus

• Wrote letter to Luther about free will

• Dutch humanist scholar

• Wanted reform within the Catholic Church

• Criticized church corruption

• Emphasized education and reason

• Encouraged reading the Bible

• Did not support breaking from the Church

• Influenced both Protestants and Catholics

John Calvin

• French Protestant reformer

• Developed Reformed (Calvinist) theology

• Believed in predestination

• Emphasized God’s absolute authority

• Established a strict religious society in Geneva

• Influenced Protestant churches across Europe

Ignatius Loyola

• Spanish soldier turned priest

• Founded the Society of Jesus (Jesuits)

• Leader of the Counter-Reformation

• Emphasized discipline and obedience

• Focused on education and missionary work

• Life changed after reading book of saints lives

Elizabeth I

• Queen of England

• Established a moderate Anglican Church - ballance between Catholicism and Puritanism

• 2 sacraments

• Avoided religious extremes

• Promoted stability and unity

• Her reign reduced religious violence

Fredrick the Wise

• Elector of Saxony

• Protected Martin Luther

• Refused to hand Luther over to the pope

• Hid Luther at Wartburg Castle

• Supported the early Reformation

• Helped Luther survive and continue his work

Thomas Cranmer

• Archbishop of Canterbury

• Leader of the English Reformation

• Helped create Anglican doctrine

• Wrote the Book of Common Prayer

• Supported Protestant beliefs

• Executed under Queen Mary I

Teresa of Ávila

• Spanish nun and mystic

• Leader of Catholic reform

• Part of the Counter-Reformation

• Emphasized prayer and spiritual discipline

• Reformed Carmelite convents

• Later named a Doctor of the Church