Cognitive Approach

Explain one model of memory with reference to one study. Two answer options

Explain multi store model
Studies:
Glanzer and Cunitz(1966) "Serial Position Effect"
Study of HM

Explain Working memory model
Studies:
Baddeley and Hitch (1976)- Multi-tasking
Study of KF

Explain schema theory with reference to one study.

Explain schema theory: How we organize and categorize information. Also explains why we have certain expectations.
Studies:
Brewer and Treyens(1981) office study
Anderson and Pichert(1978) Homebuyer vs burglar study

Explain one model of thinking and decision-making with reference to one study.

Explain dual processing model. System 1 and system 2 thinking.
Studies:
Bechara et al (2000)- decision making
(Tversky & Kahneman, 1974) position of K

Explain one ethical consideration in one study of one cognitive process.

Explain deception
Study:
Loftus and palmer(1974)- automobile reconstruction

How to answer(quick outline):
Tell me what ethical considerations are.
What is the cognitive process you are focusing on?(memory)
Explain deception
Explain how to properly handle deception(debriefing)
Explain study Loftus and palmer(1974) aim, procedure, results.
Support: Why was deception necessary in the study? How was deception justified and handled?

Explain the use of one research method in one study of one cognitive process.

Explain what a true experiment is.
Involves manipulation of the independent variable (IV).
Involves random allocation of participants to conditions.
Allows for cause-and-effect conclusions.
Study: Loftus and Palmer(1974)-Automobile reconstruction
You must mention the IV and DV in research method SAQ's

For support: How did this study successfully use a true experiment research design?
Allowed them to see cause and effect.
Allowed them to control extraneous variables.

Explain the Working Memory Model with reference to one study.

Explain Working memory model
Central Exec
STM- Phonological Loop, Episodic buffer, Visuo-spatial sketchpad
LTM

Studies:
Baddeley and Hitch (1976)- Multi-tasking
Study of KF

Explain the Multi-Store Model with reference to one study.

Explain multi store model
Sensory memory
STM
LTM

Studies:
Glanzer and Cunitz(1966) "Serial Position Effect"
Study of HM

Explain reconstructive memory with reference to one study.

Explain reconstructive memory
suggests that memory is not a perfect recording of events but rather an active process of reconstructing the past. When we recall memories, we fill in gaps with information from our knowledge, beliefs, expectations, or other sources.

Studies
Loftus & Palmer (1974)-Automobile Reconstruction-(memory is not reliable)
Yuille and Cutshall (1986)-(Memory is reliable)

Explain one bias in thinking and decision-making with reference to one study.

Explain anchoring bias
is the tendency to rely too heavily on the first piece of information offered (the "anchor") when making decisions.
This is part of what system of thinking?

Study
Englich and Mussweiler (2001)

Explain one study of the influence of emotion on one cognitive process.

Explain flashbulb memory:
Described as a highly detailed, exceptionally vivid memory of the moment when a surprising and emotionally arousing event happened.

Studies
Sharots 9/11 study (2007)
Kulkofsky et al (2011) Culture and flashbulb memory

Explain the use of one research method in one study of the reliability of one cognitive process.

Explain true experiment
Identify the cognitive process- memory
Explain the reliability of memory-explain reconstructive memory

Study:
Loftus and palmer(1974)- remember this is a research method saq, we must identify the IV and DV in the study.

support

Explain one ethical consideration in one study of the reliability of cognitive processes.

Explain ethical considerations- why are they needed.
Explain reliability of memory- reconstructive memory
Explain deception

Study: Loftus and Palmer(1974)

Support: Why was deception used? How did they handle it? Debriefing.

Explain one ethical consideration in one study of the effect of emotion on cognition.

Explain ethical considerations- why are they important?
Effect of emotion of cognition- Flashbulb memory- explain what it is.
Identify and explain protection from harm and discomfort. It can by physical or psychological.

Study: Sharots 9/11 study (2007)

Support: Flashbulb memory recall about 9/11 can cause stress, anxiety, and emotional distress. How can this be handled? Informed consent, good debriefing.

Explain the use of one research method in one study of the effect of emotion on cognition.

Explain quasi-experiment
a type of experimental study where the researcher does not randomly assign participants to conditions or groups. Instead, the groups are based on pre-existing characteristics (like age, gender, or, in the case of Sharot et al., location during 9/11).

Explain flashbulb memory

Study: sharots 9/11 study (2007)

Support: Why was this research method useful for studying emotion and memory? How did the quasi-experiment help in investigating the influence of emotion on cognition?

Quasi-experiments are helpful in studying difficult to control variables like traumatic memories and is useful for studying real world phenomena

Explain one study of intuitive or rational thinking.

Explain intuitive and rational thinking. System 1 vs system 2 thinking.
Intuitive thinking refers to making quick judgments based on instincts or heuristics, while rational thinking involves slow, deliberate, and logical reasoning.

Study: Englich and Mussweiler (2001)

Support:
Englich and Mussweiler study highlights how intuitive thinking can significantly influence judgments, even in situations that require rational decision-making, such as sentencing in a legal trial.