Unit 5 Bio identification

Carbohydrates

These biomolecules consist of oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon that occur in a 1:2:1 ratio.

Monosaccharide

This fundamental unit of carbohydrates may contain three to six carbon atoms.

Isomers

These molecules have the same molecular formula but different structures.

Disaccharide

This oligosaccharide consists of two monosaccharides that are joined after a dehydration synthesis.

Sucrose

This carbohydrate is the main component of plant sap.

Maltose

This most common disaccharide is naturally found in germinating seeds.

Polysaccharides

These huge carbohydrate molecules consist of hundreds to thousands of monosaccharide monomers.

Cellulose

These long, straight chains of glucose monomers are locked by hydrogen bonds, thereby forming a rigid, structural molecule.

chitin

This carbohydrate consists of glucose monomers with a nitrogen-containing carbonyl group that is linked together by hydrogen bonds.

Starch

This storage carbohydrate is most common in potatoes, rice, and wheat.

lipids

This class of biomolecules is known for being hydrophobic due to the high-energy hydrocarbon chains that they contain.

Triglyceride

This organic compound consists of glycerol molecules joined with three fatty acid molecules through dehydration reactions.

Phospholipid

This organic compound consists of two fatty acid tails and a head that contains glycerol and a phosphate group.

Steroid

This lipid consists of four interconnected carbon rings and no fatty acid tails.

Wax

This water-repellent organic compound consists of long-chain fatty acids that are bound with long-chain alcohol.

Hydrocarbon tail

This major portion of a fatty acid molecule stores a lot of energy.

Anabolic steroids

These synthetic products resemble testosterone by mimicking some of its effects, such as muscle and bone buildup.

Adipose tissue

This organ serves as the site of lipolysis in humans.

Lipase

This digestive enzyme breaks triglycerides down into their component fatty acids and monoglycerides.

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

This digestive hormone stimulates the release of pancreatic lipase and the contraction of the gallbladder to release stored bile salts into the intestine.

Proteins

These macromolecules are formed from the polymerization of different amino acids.

Peptide bond

This bond is formed when joining two amino acids together.

Polypeptide

This long chain of amino acids is formed by joining many peptides.

dehydration reaction

This reaction links amino acid monomers together.

Primary structure

This level of protein structure refers to the sequence of amino acids that is determined by a gene.

Tertiary structure

This level of protein structure results when a polypeptide coils or folds in a particular way.

Denaturation

This event results when a protein unravels and loses its normal shape.

Signaling proteins

These proteins consist of mostly hormones and other chemical messengers that help coordinate bodily activities.

Storage proteins

These proteins provide amino acids for growing organisms or developing embryos.

Urea cycle

This metabolic pathway converts ammonium ions into a less toxic byproduct.

dehydration reaction

This reaction links nucleotide monomers into long chains.

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

This special nucleotide is considered a high-energy molecule.

Hydrogen bond

This type of bond holds together the nitrogenous bases of the two strands of DNA.

RNA

This diverse type of nucleic acid is known for its short-term functions, such as acting as a key player during protein synthesis.

Nucleotide

This molecule is a complex of a pentose and a nitrogenous base.