Biology Chapter 34

1. What are the two types of digestion?

Chemical and mechanical

1. What does amylase break down?

Starches

What is bolus?

Chewed food mixed with salvia

Where does chemical digestion begin?

In the mouth

What is the purpose of the esophagus?

Transport the bolus into the stomach

What is the purpose of peristalsis?

To propel bolus into the stomach in a wave-like motion.

What does the stomach mix with food?

Gastric juices (chyme)

Where does protein digestion begin?

Stomach

What is the purpose of the pyloric sphincter?

Regulates the rate of food going into the small intestine

What is plica?

Folds in the stomach that can expand to make more room

What are gastric juices?

Pepsin: An enzyme that begins the digestion of the proteins Hydrochloric acid: Helps break down connective tissue Mucus: Protects the stomach from HCL

What is the major digestive organ of the body?

Small intestine

What does the pancreas produce?

Sodium bicarbonate and digestive enzymes

What is the purpose of sodium bicarbonate?

To neutralize the acidity of chyme

What does the large intestine absorb?

Vitamins, minerals, and water

What is the largest internal organ?

Liver

What happens when insulin is released?

Glucose is stored as glycogen

What happens when glucagon is released?

Glycogen breaks down into glucose

What is the purpose of the gallbladder?

Stores the bile the liver makes and then releases it into the small intestine

What are the six major categories of nutrients?

Lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, and water

_____ supplies most of the body's energy source?

Carbohydrates

What are monosaccharides?

Simple sugars (glucose and fructose)

Excess glucose is stored as ______.

Glycogen

What are disaccharides?

Two sugars (sucrose)

What are polysaccharides?

Many sugars (cellulose, starch, and glycogen)

What is the equivalent of glycogen in animals to plants?

Starch

What is the structure of plant cell walls?

Cellulose

What is the major building block of body tissues?

Protiens

What are saturated fats saturated in?

Hydrogen

Saturated fats are ____ at room temperature?

Solid

What is the structural difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?

Unsaturated fats have at least one double bond and saturated fats have no double bonds

What type of cholesterol do unsaturated fats raise?

HDL

Which type of nutrient provides no direct energy?

Vitamins

What types of vitamins are fat soluble?

ADEK (can be stored in fatty tissue)

What types of vitamins are water-soluble?

C and all B’s

What is the purpose of minerals?

To regulate body functions and they are important for tissues

What is the medium for most chemical reactions?

Water

Why are younger generations predicted to have a shorter lifespan?

Processed food and a sedentary lifestyle

What is the surface area of the small intestine?

\~2,200 square ft

What does G.O.M.B.S. stand for?

Greens, Onions, Mushrooms, Beans + Berries, and Seeds

Why is it better to receive vitamins from fruits and vegetables as opposed to a pill?

There's more variety available with fruits and vegetables

What are the physical effects of an excess of saturated fats in your diet?

Raise LDL cholesterol and can negatively affect memory

How can food labels be deceiving?

Many different names for sugars and misleading serving sizes

What are some ways advertisements can manipulate consumers?

Colorful advertisements and attaching a positive emotion to the product

What are the two main causes the odds are stacked against us to eat healthily?

Our brains crave fats, salts, and sugars
More advertisements for processed foods

What is the statistic for a person born after 2000 likelihood to develop diabetes?

1/3

What is the statistic for minorities to develop diabetes?

1/2