2. Review of Biochemistry

Biochemistry

science concerned with the various molecules that occur in living cells and organisms with their chemical reaction

chemical reactiions taking place inside a living organism

Krebs 1937

discovered citric acid cycle

Watson & Crick 1953

discovery of the DNA Double Helix

Sanger 1955

Determination of insulin resistance

1993 Kary B Mullis

Polymer Chain Reaction method (PCR)

Anabolism

Requires energy

Builds larger complex molecules from smaller, simpler ones

Froms chemical bonds between molecules

Building blocks to macromolecules

Catabolic

Releases energy

Breaks down large complex molecules into smaller simpler ones

Breaks chemical bonds within molecules

Macromolecules to Building blocks

Cells

basic bulding blocks of life

smalles living unit of an organism

unicellular

an entire organism

multicellular

one of billions of cells that make up the organism

Prokaryotes

includes various bacteria

lacks organelles (nucleus/membrane bound structures)

Eukaryotes

include most other cells (plants, fungi, animals)

have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

Plasma Membrane

Cell’s defining boundary

a barrier and containing transport and signaling systems

Nucleus

Cell’s information center

double membrane surrounding the chromosomes and nucleolus

Nucleolus

site for synthesis of RNA making up the ribosome

Endoplasmic Reticulum

transport network form molecules

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

covered with ribosomes which are in the process of synthesizing proteins for secretion or localization in membranes

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A site for synthesis and metabolism of lipids

Golgi apparatus

process and package the macromolecules

a series of stacked membranes

Vesicles

carry materials from the RER to the golgi apparatus

move between the stacks while the proteins are processed

Lysosomes

contains a digestive enzyme

a membrane bound organelle, responsible for degrading proteins and membranes

Mitochondria

the power generator

surrounded by a double membrane with a series of folds (cristae)

Biomolecules

building blocks of cells

Carbohydrates

group of organic compounds (CHO)

glucose

the body breaks down carbs into _______, which is the primary source of energy

glycogen

the body stores carbs as _____ in the liver and muscles

Proteins

polymers of numbers of amino acids joined together by eptide bonds

20

__ different amino acids present in natural proteins

Lipids

fatty/waxy/oily compounds soluble in organic solvents and insoluble in polar solvents

part of cell membranes and help control what goes in and out of the cells

help with moving and storing energy, absorbing vitamins and making hormones

Nucleic acids

large biomolecules that are made up of a chain of nucleotides

Nucleotide

a biomolecule containing a sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

DNA

carries long-term genetic data

RNA

formation of different types of protein in the body