stem cell midterm

self-renew

stem cells continuously replace themselves, have a very long life

symmetric division

divide into identical daughter cells

stem cell universally accepted properties

self renew and differentiate into special cell types

asymmetric division

divide into two daughter cells, but one is either created differentiated or becomes differentiated

stochastic differentiation

large cohort become differentiated cells

totipotent

can differentiate into all germ layers plus the placental membranes

pluripotent

can differentiate into all germ layers (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm)

multipotent

can differentiate into specific cells within a distinct tissue lineage

unipotent

can differentiate into one specific cell or tissue type

nullipotent

cells that have lot the ability to divide, self-renew, or differentiate, but can be reprogrammed in vitro into pluripotent cells

totipotent cell types

zygote, blastomeres

pluripotent cell types

cells of inner cell mass, embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells

multipotent cell types

hematopoeitic, mesenchymal, neural

unipotent cell types

muscle satellite cell, spermatogonia stem cells, epidermal stem cells

nullipotent cell types

red blood cells, mature neurons

what is the ultimate proof of stem cells?

reconstitution, taking stem cells out of one area and putting them into another and being able to see the effect (ie rat chimeras)

pluripotent stem cell evidence

chimera formation and germline transfer

hematopoeitic stem cell proof

reconstitution of lympho-hematopoietic system

Multipotent and nullipotent stem cell evidence

very limited

spermatogonial stem cell evidence

successful engraftment, initiation of spermatogenesis, and restoration of fertility

stem cells need _ to keep their stemness

specialized environment

naturally occuring stem cells

embryonic stem cells from blastocysts, hematopoeitic stem cells, rat nullipotent cells, canine multipotent stromal cells

artificial stem cells

use factors that freeze developmental process or clone via nuclear transfer, embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells

how are stem cells named?

by where and when they’re collected

how are pluripotent cells used for transfers?

they are differentiated into needed cell type and then transplanted

evidence based medicine

systematic approach to medicine that uses scientific evidence to help healthcare professionals make decisions about patient care

steps to implement ebm

1. frame the question 2. retrieve best medical evidence 3. critically appraise study for validity 4. relevance to your practice and client case 5. how do we evaluate performance 6. does the treatment align with latest medical guidelines

best types of medical evidence

meta-analysis and systematic reviews