CH14 alcohols

What are the volatility and boiling points of alcohols like compared to alkanes?

BP: higher than alkanes as they have polar bonds O-H bond making the whole molecule polar. There will be strong hydrogen bonds between the O-H bonds.

V: because of stronger bonds in alcohols, it takes more energy to to overcome them than the weaker London forces in alkanes so it is harder for the liquid alcohol to change into a gas making them less volatile.

What is solubility like for alcohols?

Very soluble as hydrogen bonds form between polar OH groups. However solubility slightly decreases down the carbon chain as influence of OH groups becomes smaller.

How do you classify primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols?

Primary - OH group is attached to the carbon with 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 alkyl group

Secondary - OH group is attached to one hydrogen atom and 2 alkyl groups

Tertiary - OH group is attached to no hydrogen atoms and 3 alkyl groups.

Equation for oxidation of primary alcohols Using distillation and the states needed

• K2CrO7 OR H2SO4 catalyst

• Produces an aldehyde

Equation for oxidation of primary alcohols by reflux and states required

K2Cr2O7 OR H2SO4 catalyst

Produces a carboxylic acid

Equation for oxidation of secondary alcohols by reflux and states required

K2Cr2O7 OR H2SO4 catalyst

Produces a ketone

Equation for dehydration of alcohols and conditions required

C3H8O > C3H6 + H2O

Requires HPO4 catalyst

Equation for substitution reaction of alcohols