apush unit 1-5 key terms

Maize

a staple grain crop native to the Americas, commonly known as corn that was cultivated by indigenous peoples and became a fundamental part of their diets and agriculture.

Columbian Exchange

the transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the Americas and the rest of the world following Christopher Columbus's voyages, significantly impacting global populations and economies.

Characteristics of Spanish colonization

included the establishment of missions,

the encomienda system

spread of Catholicism

along with significant interactions and conflicts with indigenous populations.

Characteristics of French colonization

focused on trade

missionary efforts

alliances with Native Americans particularly in the fur trade

promoting cultural exchanges.

Characteristics of English colonization

emphasized agricultural settlements

economic gain and religious freedom or refuge

lead to growing conflicts with Native Americans over land and resources.

De Las Casas vs. Sepulveda

Historical debate in Spain regarding the treatment of indigenous peoples in the Americas

Bartolomé de las Casas arguing for their rights and humane treatment against

Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda defended the Spanish conquest and subjugation of Native Americans.

British Colonization Motives

Primarily included economic gain (raw materials, new markets)

religious freedom or refuge for persecuted groups

opportunities for land ownership and social mobility.

New England Colonies

Characterized by Puritans seeking religious freedom

a diverse economy (fishing, shipbuilding, trade)

Small towns and strong community ties

Middle Colonies

Known for their diversity of settlers

Religious tolerance

Fertile land for farming

Major port cities like New York and Philadelphia.

Southern Colonies

Defined by a plantation economy focused on cash crops (tobacco, rice, indigo)

a reliance on enslaved labor

a hierarchical social structure

New England

Founded primarily for religious freedom by Puritans

characterized by family farms

diversified economies (fishing, trade)

strong community structures.

Jamestown

Founded primarily for economic profit

characterized by large-scale tobacco cultivation

a reliance on indentured servants

later enslaved labor

a more hierarchical individualistic society.

Labor in British Colonies

Indentured servitude declined as life expectancy rose lead to increased African slavery.

Bacon’s Rebellion

Uprising of poor farmers against elite Virginians over land and Native policy.

Native Relations with British Colonies

Early cooperation shifted to violence as settlers expanded west.

First Great Awakening

Religious revival that emphasized emotional faith and equality before God.

Transatlantic Exchange

Triangular trade linked Europe, Africa, and the Americas

Europe → manufactured goods

Africa → enslaved people

Americas → raw materials

Slavery central to Atlantic economy

Zenger Trial

Protected freedom of the press by allowing truth as a defense.

Salutary Neglect

British policy of lax enforcement allowed colonies to self-govern.

French and Indian War

Britain defeated France but went into debt and lead to colonial taxation

Causes of the American Revolution

Taxation without representation

British military presence

Limits on westward expansion

Enlightenment ideas

Enlightenment Influence

John Locke: natural rights

Government exists to protect rights

People can overthrow unjust governments

Declaration of Independence

Outlined philosophical reasons and grievances and justified independence against Britain by Thomas Jefferson

Articles of Confederation

Weak national government

No power to tax or regulate trade

Led to economic instability

Constitutional Convention

Created stronger federal government

Checks and balances

Federalism divided power

Federalists

Supported Constitution

Strong national government

Anti-Federalists

Feared tyranny

States’ rights

Wanted Bill of Rights

George Washington

First president

Set precedents

Neutral foreign policy

Two-term tradition

Republican Motherhood

Women expected to educate children

Expanded women’s role socially

Did not grant political rights

Alien & Sedition Acts

Series of four laws passed by a Federalist-controlled Congress

Restricted speech

Targeted immigrants

Increased fear of government power

Election of 1800

Jefferson defeated Adams

Peaceful transfer of power

Went from Federalist to Democratic Republicans

Strengthened democracy

Marshall Court Cases

Marbury v. Madison – judicial review

McCulloch v. Maryland – federal supremacy

Gibbons v. Ogden – interstate commerce

Strengthened federal government

Louisiana Purchase

Doubled U.S. size

Purchased from France

Raised constitutional questions

War of 1812

Fought Britain

Increased nationalism

Weakened Federalist Party

Era of Good Feelings

fostering intense nationalism and unity after the War of 1812

Market Revolution

Industrialization expanded

Transportation improved

Wage labor increased

Class divisions grew

Andrew Jackson

Expanded white male suffrage

Strong presidential power

Enforced Indian Removal

Henry Clay

American System

Promoted compromise

Sought to preserve Union

Missouri Compromise

Missouri slave, Maine free

36°30′ line created

Temporary solution

Antebellum Reform

Women's rights

Abolitionism

Temperance

Education Reform

Religious Revival

Social Reform

Antebellum South

Economy based on slavery

Cotton dominated

Resistant to industrialization

Continuity and Change

Women: social roles expanded slightly

African Americans: slavery → limited freedom

Native Americans: loss of land and rights

Abolitionism

Moral opposition to slavery

Radical and gradual approaches

Deepened sectional divide

James K. Polk

Expansionist president

Supported Manifest Destiny

Oregon

Dispute with Britain

Settled peacefully at 49th parallel

Mexican-American War

U.S. gained Southwest

Increased slavery debate

Seen as imperialistic

Compromise of 1850

California free state

Strong Fugitive Slave Act

Temporarily delayed war

Popular Sovereignty

Voters decide slavery

Led to violence and instability

John Brown

Violent abolitionist

Raid on Harpers Ferry

Increased Southern fear

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Allowed popular sovereignty

Repealed Missouri Compromise

Led to “Bleeding Kansas”

Dred Scott Decision

Slaves not citizens

Congress couldn’t ban slavery

Outraged the North

Political Parties

Reflected sectional divisions

Realignment before Civil War

Election of 1860

Lincoln elected

Southern states seceded

Emancipation Proclamation

Freed slaves in Confederacy

Changed war goals

Prevented European support for South

Why the North Won

Larger population

Industrial power

Railroads

Strong leadership

Reconstruction

After the Civil War

Focused on rebuilding the South

Reintegrating Confederate states

defining the rights of newly freed African Americans

13th Amendment

ended slavery

14th Amendment

citizenship and equal protection

15th Amendment

voting rights for all men