COOKKED

Prokaryotes

Cells that lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, typically unicellular and smaller in size.

Eukaryotes

Cells that have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, can be unicellular or multicellular and larger in size.

Fluid mosaic model

The model describing the cell membrane as a flexible bilayer where proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates float and move around.

Integral membrane proteins

Proteins that are embedded in the lipid bilayer and often span the entire membrane.

Peripheral membrane proteins

Proteins that are loosely attached to the membrane surface, either inside or outside.

Mitosis

The process of cell division that consists of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

MPF (Maturation-Promoting Factor)

A complex of cyclin and CDK that drives the cell from G2 phase to M phase.

Benign tumors

Non-cancerous tumors that do not spread and are localized.

Malignant tumors

Cancerous tumors that can invade other tissues and metastasize.

Cholesterol's role in membrane fluidity

Cholesterol stabilizes cell membranes; it increases fluidity at low temperatures and decreases fluidity at high temperatures.

Water potential (Ψ)

A measure that combines solute potential (Ψs) and pressure potential (Ψp) to determine the direction of water movement.

Hypertonic solution

A solution with higher solute concentration compared to the cell, causing the cell to shrink as water exits.

Isotonic solution

A solution with equal solute concentration to the cell, resulting in no net water movement.

Hypotonic solution

A solution with lower solute concentration compared to the cell, causing the cell to swell as water enters.

Saturated fats

Fats with no double bonds, straight chains, and are solid at room temperature.

Unsaturated fats

Fats with one or more double bonds, bent chains, and are liquid at room temperature.

Passive transport

The movement of molecules across a membrane without the use of energy, moving down their concentration gradient.

Active transport

The movement of molecules across a membrane using energy (ATP), moving against their concentration gradient.

Endocytosis

The process by which cells take in materials by engulfing them in vesicles.

Exocytosis

The process by which cells expel materials by vesicle fusion with the membrane.

Diffusion

The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

Osmosis

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

Facilitated diffusion

Passive transport of molecules across a membrane with the help of transport proteins.

G1 checkpoint

The checkpoint that checks for DNA damage before the DNA is replicated.

G2 checkpoint

The checkpoint that checks for DNA damage after replication.

M checkpoint

The checkpoint that ensures that the spindle fibers are properly attached to the chromosomes before division.

Cell-to-cell communication

The process by which cells communicate with each other through various signaling molecules and structures.