Department Exam

Paiget believed that the basic building blocks of the way children understand the world are mental structures called

Schemes

If a researcher was interested in learning how children's moral development changes between the ages of three and five, the researcher may follow them until they are them periodically. This research strategy is known as

Longitudinal

Four-year-old Johnny is having lunch with his mother and sister. When his mother pours milk in the children's glasses, she finds there is not enough to fill both glasses, so she carefully pour half of the milk in the shorter, fatter glass in front of Johnny and half into a thin, taller glass in front of Johnny's sister. Immediately, Johnny complains that his sister got more milk than he did,and even when his mother tries to explain that they both got the same amount. Johnny insists he is right. In this example, Johnny is demonstrating a lack of development in the area of ___

Conservation

When an adolescent's newly sophisticated metacognitive capability causes him/her to

become self-absorbed and believe that the world is focused on only them, this is called

Adolescent egocentrism

Which of the following is a term for prejudice and discrimination directed at older people?

Ageism

What do we call psychologists who study only observable actions?

Behaviorists

If you want to make a punishment more effective in deterring a behavior, what should you do?

Make the punishment quick, aversive and predictable.

Suppose you try to remember everything you did last summer. What type of memory test is this?

Free recall

When hearing one word helps you think of another word, what do we call that tendency?

Priming

Which of the following is an example of a semantic memory?

Remembering the rules for playing tennis

In which way would a cognitive psychologist be most likely to try to help a slow-learning

child?

Teach better study skills or problem-solving strategies

Any scientific study goes through four steps. Which of these is the correct order of events?

Hypothesis-methods-results-interpretation

Suppose that when several students raise their hands in class, the professor calls on one at random. Thus, the more often you raise your hand, the more your chance of being called, but you can never be sure when that will be. Which schedule of reinforcement is this?

variable ratio

You read a list of words including "artichoke." A few minutes later, when someone asks you to list some foods, you include "artichoke." What type of memory are you displaying?

implicit memory

Suppose someone finds that people who drank coffee got less sleep than those who didn't. To know whether this statement came from an experiment or a correlation, which question should we ask?

Were people randomly assigned to two groups, or did they decide for themselves?

What does "g" mean in Spearman's g factor in intelligence?

General

The ability of an experienced mechanic to repair a car is an example of what?

crystallized intelligence

IQ tests were originally devised for what purpose?

To identify children who would or would not do well in school

If researchers evaluate the questions for a test and determine rules for administering the test and interpreting the scores, what does the test become?

standardized

Which of these is true if a test has low validity?

People's scores do not accurately predict their performance on another task.

If you have long periods of failing to breathe while asleep, what disorder do you have?

sleep apnea

Drive-reduction theories of motivation emphasize which of the following?

Attempts to satisfy all needs and then become inactive

Which of these is an example of an intrinsic motivation?

Playing tennis because you enjoy the exercise

In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which is the foundational need?

physiological needs

Which brain area is most important for controlling hunger and eating?

hypothalamus

Kim knows she needs to go take summer courses, but worries about leaving her new boyfriend for three months. She wonders, will "absence make the heart grow fonder" or is "out of sight, out of mind" more applicable? This is an example of

the unscientific nature of conventional wisdom

The evolutionary perspective on social behavior suggests that

we inherit tendencies or predispositions to behave in certain ways

Paul is researching the prevalence of sexist or demeaning language aimed at women and its use across different neighborhoods. To do this, he spends an hour in different neighborhoods and covertly follows his research assistant as she walks down the sidewalk 10 feet ahead of him. When sexist or demeaning language is used, Paul fastidiously records it in his notebook. What technique is Paul using to come to his conclusions?

Naturalistic observation

Jackie took longer to reply to these aspects of her___ gave away that she was lying

Linguistic style

According to Kelley's theory, behaviors that arise because of an individual's traits, motives, or intentions are caused, while those behaviors that arise because of some aspect of the social or physical environment are caused

Internally, externally

Mary sees Greta trip while walking down an outside flight of steps, and she thinks to herself, "What a clumsy person!" Five minutes later, though, Mary trips on the same flight of steps, and says to an onlooker, "It's very icy today!" This is an illustration of the

Actor observer effect

In meeting a new roommate, David stresses his studious qualities, an aspect of himself he wishes others to agree with, while being willing to underplay other potentially important aspects of himself. David is practicing a(n)_______ approach in presenting himself to others.

Self verification

When Jeremy was recently asked to describe himself to his classmates, he spoke about being a member of the football team and how this helped to make his experiences different from those of other students in the class. Jeremy was primarily making _______ comparisons.

intergroup

An attractive blond is concerned that she might say something foolish in her college algebra class, thereby confirming the storootype of the dumb blond. As a result Zoe rarely

volunteers to solve problems on the board during class. This behavior can best be explained by

Stereotype threat

Candy is washing the dishes and asks her brother to help by drying them. Her brother says that dishes are women's work, which makes their father smile. Her brother sees the smile and walks away. This scenario is an example of prejudice as a result of

social learning

Of the following famous sayings, the one that MOST accurately describes the similarity-attraction relationship is

birds of a feather flock together

Joanna has very little confidence in herself and her abilities, and she struggles with trusting other people and attaining genuine closeness with them. Which attachment style does Joanna have?

Fearful-avoidant attachment style

Jenna saw in the paper that a department store was having a "One-Day Closeout of Winter Dresses" sale. If she goes to that sale and buys something, she will be a victim of the

deadline technique

Juan, the head of human resources at a large company, has been instructed to make sure that about 2 percent of all newly hired managers are women in order to reduce the risk of a discrimination lawsuit. This practice represents

tokenism

Bridgette has very little confidence in herself and her abilities, and she struggles with trusting other people and attaining genuine closeness with them. Which attachment style does Joanna have?

Fearful- avoidant attachment style

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events before, during and after chemicals (e.g.., neurotransmitters) are released into the synapse?

synthesis, transport, release, reuptake

A drug that blocks the effects of a neurotransmitter is a(n)_ a drug that mimics or increases the effect is a(n)

Antagonist, agonist

Catecholamines include

epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine.

LaShawna meets another girl at a party who is not from LaShawna's ethnic group, and whom LaShawna judges, based on her stereotype of that group, is probably shallow and a gossip. The best description of LaShawna's judgment is that she is engaged in

social cognitive process

What is the difference between a hallucination and a delusion?

A hallucination is a false perception. A delusion is a false belief

In bipolar disorder, what conditions alternate with each other?

depression and mania

Mapping out the relationship between shared bone structures across different species suggests there is a(n) explanation

Evolutionary

The insulating material which covers many vertebrate axons is called the

myelin sheath

Almost all humans have 23 pairs of which of the following?

chromosomes

Which of these disorders is commonly treated by exposure therapy?

phobia

Which disorder is characterized by self-imposed rituals?

obsessive compulsive disorder

What is the main criterion for deciding whether someone is an alcoholic?

Does alcohol cause serious problems in the person's daily life?

Physiologically, what do most addictive drugs have in common?

They increase the release of dopamine.

Physiologically, what do most addictive drugs have in common?

They increase the release of dopamine.

Which of the following is NOT one of the symptoms of schizophrenia?

Alternation between personalities

Which of these is a "positive" symptom of schizophrenia?

hallucinations

What is meant by "negative" symptoms of schizophrenia?

Symptoms that are described by the absence of some behavior

You would be more likely to help someone who appears to be hurt if you were by yourself rather than if you were surrounded by strangers. Which of the following is the probable

Diffusion of responsibility

What is pluralistic ignorance?

Assuming that everyone else knows more than you do

A committee asks for ideas for a fundraiser. You might not try very hard if you think many other people are submitting ideas too. Which of the following applies to your behavior?

Social loafing

Why might someone adopt a self-handicapping strategy?

To provide an excuse for failure

In Freud's theory, what is the "ego"?

The rational part of personality that makes decisions

What is defined as "a maladaptive, inflexible way of dealing with the environment and other people"?

Personality disorder

Superstitions and phobias are based on what type of learning?

avoidance learning

What does Maslow's hierarchy of needs attempt to explain?

Why certain motivations take priority over other ones

What does insulin do

It helps the intestines digest sugars and other carbohydrates.

The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems make up which of the following?

autonomic nervous system

Activity of what system prepares someone for "fight or flight" activities?

Sympathetic nervous system

Which of these is true about a test that has low validity

People's scores do not accurately predict their performance on another task

If you have traveled six time zones east and you are trying to get to sleep at the appropriate time, which pill might help?

melatonin

The body's major postural muscles are most relaxed during which stage of sleep?

REM sleep

If you have long periods of failing to breathe while asleep, what disorder do you have?

sleep apnea

What question should you ask to decide whether you have narcolepsy?

Do you have sudden attacks of sleepiness during the day?

Which of the following is an example of "drive-reduction" motivation?

Eating because of hunger sensations

If you eat, drink, or sweat in preparation for future needs rather than current needs, what type of motivation are you displaying?

allostasis

The term family constellation refers to

one's position within the family birth order

Rafael is a perfectionist who goes to extremes to prove that he needs no one's help in any way. His quest for total self-sufficiency has resulted in

social isolation. According to Homey, what is his primary mode of relating to others?

Moving away

Janice has a very strong need for the affection and approval of others, and she tends to choose dominant partners. What is her primary mode of relating to others?

moving toward

What type of parenting predicts the highest levels of competence and lowest levels of problem behavior in Caucasian children?

authoritative

One difference between Skinner's behavior modification and Freudian psychoanalysis is that

psychoanalysis is concerned with internal changes; behavior modification is concerned with external changes.

behavior modification uses a single approach with all clients; psychoanalysis uses different, custom-tailored techniques.

psychoanalysis is concerned with internal changes; behavior modification is concerned with external changes.

According to Bandura, intentionality, forethought, self-reactiveness, and self-reflectiveness are components of

human agency

Of the following philosophical assumptions, which one concerns a person's ability to control his own behavior and understand the motives behind it?

freedom vs determinism

Bandura believes that most human, behavior is learned through the process of

observational learning

Unlike intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation

is bestowed by others

What is the acronym for the Big Five (Personality Traits)?

OCEAN openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism

In Maslow's hierarchy, which needs are tended to immediately after physiological needs have been met?

safety needs

The first IQ test was developed by whom?

Binet and Simon

Dollard and Miller view the structure of personality as consisting of

habits

Juan is a patient in psychoanalysis. During free association, Juan's psychoanalyst encourages Juan to

verbalize whatever comes to mind

The dream we remember in the morning is known as the dream ____ , whereas its underlying meaning is referred to as the dream ____

Manifest; latent

What is one characteristic that all defense mechanisms have in common?

They keep threatening impulses from becoming conscious.

When a patient in psychoanalysis re experiences emotions and conflicts from his or her past but focuses these feelings on the therapist, he or she is said to be experiencing

transference

George is an accountant who wears a suit and tie to work every day. He hates doing so but feels that it makes him seem more acceptable in the eyes of those with whom he works. What archetype is George expressing when he wears the suit?

The persona

According to Adler, life is motivated by the need to

move up from a position of inferiority

Each individual seeks to cope with the environment and develop superiority in a unique way. This describes Adler's concept of

style of life

Which of the following reflects a secure attachment style

Someone who finds it easy to get close to others and is comfortable depending on them

16-year-old Sally primps in front of every mirror she comes across and believes that she is the focus of everyone's attention—even fictitious observers. Sally is demonstrating __________.

imaginary audience

According to Erikson, the period of postadolescent into the early 30s that focuses on developing close relationships with others is called

Intimacy vs Isolation Stage

What is the term for the perception of oneself as male or female?

gender identity