Intro to Earth Science Midterm Review (2)

second edition bc the first one was wack

Convection occurring in Earth's ______________ drives the process of plate tectonics.

a. crust
b. outer core
c. inner core
d. mantle

mantle

Earth's magnetic poles have changed numerous times, true or false?

True

There are how many different types of tectonic plate margins?

a. 1
b. 3
c. 2
d. 4

3

Some minerals are magnetic, smell, or taste unique, true or false?

True

The _______ hardness scale is used to test mineral strength and ranges from 1-10

a. Franklin
b. Moss
c. Mohs
d. Milankovich

Mohs

Two common minerals across FL are:

a. diamond, garnet
b. calcite, quartz
c. biotite, calcite
d. magnetite, olivine

calcite, quartz

If a mineral is said to have cleavage, it exhibits a(n) _________ breakage pattern

a. irregular
b. conchoidal
c. regular
d. chaotic

regular

If a mineral is said to have a fracture, it exhibits a(n) _____________ breakage pattern

a. irregular
b. chaotic
c. regular
d. conchoidal

irregular

The arrangement of continents and ocean basins on Earth has never changed, True or False?

False

The Earth's crust can be divided into how many distinct types?

a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4

2

Which is the largest/thickest layer of Earth?

a. crust
b. mantle
c. core
d. asthenosphere

mantle

Earth's magnetic field is emitted from which layer?

a. crust
b. mantle
c. outer core
d. inner core

outer core

Seismic waves travel straight through the Earth, True or False?

F

Earth's layers formed through the process of:

a. dissociation
b. differences
c. differentiation
d. distinct flash points

differentiation

_________ was the last supercontinent to have formed on Earth ≅ 320 million years ago.

a. panacea
b. pangea
c. rodinia
d. laurentia

pangea

All of Earth's internal layers are solids, true or false?

false

At mid ocean ridges, rock is:

a. destroyed
b. formed
c. recycled
d. injected into the center of the Earth

formed

At ocean trenches, rock is:

a. destroyed rapidly
b. formed
c. injected into the center of the Earth
d. slowly pushed back into Earth and recycled

slowly pushed back into Earth and recycled

The three main types of continental plate margins are divergent, convergent, and?

a. transferred
b. transform
c. translocated
d. secluded

transform

The invention of _______ during the world wars lead to the discovery of bathymetric features.

a. magnetometers
b. lasers
c. sonar
d. seismic stratigraphy

sonar

Alfred Wegener provided evidence supporting his idea of __________________

a. plate tectonics
b. continental collision
c. puzzle piece theory
d. continental drift

continental drift

The submarine process of seafloor ______ has been called the "missing link" for continental drift

a. shifting
b. spreading
c. shearing
d. diving

spreading

The age of rock under seafloor is ________ near the modern coastlines

a. younger
b. older
c. over 500 million years old
d. less than 1 million years old

older

The Earth is unique because it has which of the following:

a. an atmosphere
b. oceans
c. plate tectonics
d. all of the above

oceans

The continental margins of FL are ____________

a. active
b. passive
c. pristine
d. lined by coral reefs

passive

There are only about 500 minerals known on Earth, true or false

false

A mineral is which of the following:

a. naturally occurring
b. inorganic
c. crystalline
d. solid
e. all of the above

all of the above

Amber (fossilized tree sap) is a mineral, true or false?

false

There are only 5 main properties that can be used to distinguish minerals, true or false?

false

When you grind or powder a mineral you are testing its:

a. color
b. hardness
c. luster
d. streak
e. cleavage
f. fracture

streak

Slight variations in a minerals' chemical composition can change its color, true or false?

true

A mineral with metallic luster appears:

a. dull
b. transparent
c. rusty
d. shiny

shiny

A mineral with a nonmetallic luster appears:

a. dull
b. chromed
c. polished
d. shiny

dull

The mineral calcite is unique because it:

a. is extremely dense
b. dissolves readily
c. has a distinct smell
d. has a distinct taste

dissolves readily

Mineral color is always the best way to identify a mineral, true or false?

false

If a mineral fizzes when acid is applied, it contains ___________

a. sodium
b. calcium (Ca)
c. iron
d. calcium carbonate (CaCO3)

calcium carbonate (CaCO3)

Mineral hardness is the resistance to breaking, true or false?

false

Diamond and graphite are composed of the same element, true or false?

true

Sandpaper contains minerals that are located where on the Mohs scale?

a. lower
b. higher
c. in the middle
d. off the chart

higher

A few minerals including hematite and galena can be determined by their smell and/or taste, true or false?

false

Glass is a mineral, true or false?

false

Based on hardness, a fingernail can scratch which of the following minerals?

a. garnet
b. galena
c. talc
d. calcite

talc

Based on hardness, a diamond can scratch which of the following minerals?

a. garnet
b. galena
c. diamond
d. all of the above

all of the above

Ice cubes (made in the freezer) are minerals, true or false?

false

Minerals are the building blocks to rocks, true or false?

true

Lava flows are described as being:

a. intrusive
b. ephemeral
c. internal
d. extrusive

extrusive

Sills form:

a. across preexisting rock layers
b. before layers above
c. between preexisting rock layers
d. at Earth's surface

between preexisting rock layers

The most important characteristic(s) when identifying igneous rocks are: _______________

a. intrusive/extrusive
b. grain/crystal/mineral size
c. mineral content
d. density
e. b and c

b and c

Small crystals in igneous rocks indicate a slowly cooling condition, true or false?

false

Igneous rocks may have the same composition but different crystal sizes, true or false?

true

Dikes form:

a. between preexisting layers
b. continuously
c. across preexisting layers
d. a and b

across preexisting layers

The rate of cooling affects the mineral grain sizes in igneous rocks, true or false?

true

Pumice and Obsidian are both composed of volcanic glass, true or false?

true

Granite, Rhyolite, and Pegmatite have the same general: ______________

a. origin
b. mineral composition
c. crystal size
d. all of the above

mineral composition

The two main types of igneous rocks are intrusive and __________

a. plutonic
b. extrusive
c. intermediate
d. mafic

extrusive

The Palisades ___________ is an example of an intrusive igneous rock formation

a. dike
b. sill
c. pluton
d. batholith

sill

Rock forming at mid ocean ridge systems is basalt, true or false?

true

Volcanoes erupt _________ which forms ___________ igneous rock when solidified

a. magma; intrusive
b. magma; extrusive
c. lava; intrusive
d. lava; extrusive

lava; extrusive

In a general way, Gabbro is the intrusive form of Basalt, true or false?

true

Scoria and Pumice are both made of volcanic glass and contain many small vesicles, true or false?

true

Igneous rocks with large crystal sizes are said to be: __________________

a. extrusive
b. aphanitic
c. vesicular
d. phaneritic

phaneritic

In general, Diorite has this type of light and dark mineral composition:

a. 25% light 75% dark
b. 50% light 50% dark
c. 40% light 60% dark
d. 60% light 40% dark

50% light 50% dark

All volcanic eruptions are extremely explosive, true or false?

false

The ________________ reaction series for minerals describes melting and crystallization temperatures

a. Hess
b. Mohs
c. Wegener
d. Bowen

Bowen

According to the rock cycle, igneous rocks form:

a. from solid rock
b. from sedimentary rock
c. from metamorphic rock
d. from molten rock

from molten rock

The further below the Earth's surface, the __________ rock is. This is also called the Principle of Superposition

a. younger
b. older
c. colder
d. wetter

older

Referring to depositional energy, small particles indicate ________ energy

a. low
b. high
c. rapid
d. potential

low

Referring to depositional energy, large particles indicate ________ energy

a. low
b. high
c. rapid
d. potential

high

Conglomerates contain particles that are ___________

a. angular
b. rounded
c. fossils
d. potential

rounded

The ancient environment responsible for forming sedimentary rocks cannot be determined without the presence of fossils, true or false?

false

Shale is commonly lithified mud, true or false?

true

Breccia contains particles that are _____________

a. angular
b. rounded
c. fossils
d. melted

angular

Polygonal features commonly found in shale that represent dry conditions are called:

a. ripple marks
b. syneresis cracks
c. mud cracks
d. flute casts

mud cracks

Fossil remains in sedimentary rocks are considered bioclasts, true or false?

true

These structures form from wind or water currents that move clasts or particles

a. mud cracks
b. ripple marks
c. syneresis cracks
d. load casts

ripple marks

A river is transporting mud, sand, and gravel. When the water velocity decreases and energy is lost, the first particles to be deposited are ________

a. mud
b. sand
c. gravel
d. none of the above

gravel

Limestone is a clastic sedimentary rock, true or false?

false

Coquina is composed of shells/biogenic remains, true or false?

true

In sedimentary rocks, irregular, angular particles indicate:

a. extensive weathering and erosion has occurred
b. a single rock layer broke apart
c. little weathering and erosion has occurred
d. the particle has traveled far

little weathering and erosion has occurred

Sedimentary rocks exhibiting ___________ bedding are frequently associated with underwater landslides called ____________

a. irregular; turbidity
b. graded; plumes
c. great; turbidity
d. graded; turbidity currents

graded; turbidity currents

Chemical sedimentary rocks commonly form as particles or minerals precipitate out of a solution, true or false?

false

Sediments that become deposited , compacted, and cemented will eventually form rock through the process of: ___________________

a. diagenesis
b. alteration
c. lignification
d. lithification

lithification

Sediments are commonly deposited in horizontal layers or beds. Sometimes these layers have a wavy, layered ripple appearance and are called _____________ beds.

a. table
b. corner
c. cross
d. crinkled

cross

The main types of rock weathering are:

a. shrinking and cracking
b. frosting and liquifying
c. mechanical, physical, and biological
d. physical, chemical, biological

physical, chemical, biological

Poorly sorted sedimentary rocks are made up of only angular clasts, true or false?

false

What is the correct order of these foliated rocks?

a. schist, shale, gneiss, phyllite, slate

b. shale, phyllite, slate, gneiss, schist

c. gneiss, phyllite, schist, slate, shale

d. shale, slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss

shale, slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss

metamorphic rocks that have a ‘banded’ appearance are said to be:

a. non foliated

b. foliated

c. sedimentary

d. igneous

foliated

the two forces that produce metamorphic rocks are:

a. gravity and pressure

b. wind and water

c. heat and pressure

d. gravity and heat

heat and pressure

What happens to a metamorphic rock as pressure increases?

a. density increases

b. porosity decreases

c. rock deforms

d. all of the above

all of the above

What is the name for the original rock that has undergone metamorphism?

a. prototype

b. original rock

c. protolith

d. batholith

protolith

Rocks melt during metamorphism, true or false?

false