bioethics 2

autonomy

person’s right to make their own decision

beneficence

treat people with dignity

non-maleficence

do not to inflict harm on people

justice

treat people fairly

veracity

telling truth

privacy

right of person to remain private and not to disclose information

confidentiality

sharing private information on a need to know basis

fidelity

maintaining the duty to care for all no matter who they are or what they may have done

consequentialism

judges whether or not something is right by what its consequences are

utilitarianism

greatest good for the greatest number

majority

hedonism

something is good if the consequence produces pleasure or avoids pain

deontology

uses rules to distinguish right from wrong

teleology/finality

giving the reason/explanation for something as a function of its end

telos

greek word of teleology which means end, purpose, goal

logos

greek word of teleology which means explanation or reason

natural law

rights/values are inherent by virtue of human nature and can be understood by human reason

classical theory

emphasis on the organization rather than the employees working therein

organization

considered as a machine and the human beings as different components/parts of that machine

scholastic theory/scholasticism

habit of sticking to one specific method of teaching or learning

a scholar

scholasticism derives from the greek word “skholastikos” which means

virtue ethics

emphasizes individual’s character and personality traits instead of their action

virtue

genuine moral excellence of character

eudaimonia

humans should act in ways that seek purpose and meaning

practical wisdom

importance of rational decision making based on empirical evidence

altruism

unselfish concern for other people

social justice

justice in relation to a fair balance

rights are recognized and protected

human dignity

right of a person to be valued and respected for their own sake

dignity

inherent worth and respect that every human being deserves

medical confidentiality

maintains a patient’s private health information, respecting their right to privacy

caring

promoting health, healing, hope in response to the human condition

integrity

respecting dignity and moral wholeness od every person

diversity

affiriming the uniqueness of and differences

excellence

co-creating and implementing transformative strategies with daring ingenuity

Nazi medical experiments (WW2)

horrific experiment were conducted on prisoners

Tuskegee Syphilis study (19-32-1972)

African american men with syphilis were deceived and denied treatment

Nuremberg code

principles for human experimentation

Declaration of Helsinki

for medical research involving human subjects

Belmont report

in response to Tuskegee syphilic study

identify principles that should underlie the conduct of biomedical and behavioral research

Good clinical practice (GCP)

scientific quality standard for designing, conducting, recording, and reporting trials