Ch. 2 Chemistry of the Human Body

The characteristic that gives an element its distinctive properties is its number of ______________.

protons

In the formation of a compound of sodium chloride,

a sodium atom donates an electron to a chlorine atom.

When atoms of elements on the left side of the periodic table ionize, they tend to

lose electrons and therefore become cations.

An element's atomic number is determined by the number of_________ in one atom of that element.

protons

Within the periodic table, elements are organized consecutively by

atomic number within rows.

_____________ reactions release energy.

Catabolic

What is the number of covalent bonds that an atom of nitrogen can form within a molecule?

3

When a nonpolar molecule is placed in water, it will

neither dissolve nor carry electrical current.

Elements in the first column of the periodic table contain one electron in their outer shell.

True

A covalent bond forms when both atoms require electrons to become stable.

True

In the formation of an ionic bond between Na and Cl to form common table salt, sodium (Na)_________ an electron and chlorine (Cl)_________ an electron.

loses; gains

The three-dimensional shape of a protein is known as its primary structure.

False

When diagramming an atom, how many electrons can fit in each of the shells beyond the innermost shell?

Eight

A base is described as a proton donor.

False

The two fatty acids within a phospholipid molecule make up its

nonpolar tails.

To neutralize a base, a(n)_________ must be added.

acid

A double covalent bond involves

the sharing of two pairs of electrons.

The smallest unit of an element that still retains the distinctive behavior of that element is an __________.

atom

Hydrogen bonds form between molecules containing_________ bonds; the hydrogen bond is between a hydrogen atom of one molecule and a partially_________ charged atom of another.

polar covalent; negatively

Which of the following statements accurately describes electrons?

They are in orbitals outside the nucleus and have a negative charge.

When diagramming an atom, the innermost shell is filled with_________ electrons.

two

An ion is an atom or group of atoms that has

lost or gained an electron.

A protein consists of

amino acids linked by peptide bonds.

In general, lipids are water insoluble.

True

In general, the number of electrons that would fill an atom's outer shell and make it nonreactive is_________.

 

two

eight

Which statement accurately describes how pH is related to denaturation?

Either a large increase or a large decrease in pH can lead to denaturation.

When dehydration synthesis occurs between two amino acids, a covalent bond called a(n) _________ bond forms between them.

peptide

CH₄ is methane.  This compound is ____________.

organic

Which of the following lists describes three of the main functions served by proteins?

Synthesis and digestion reactions, protection, and movement

Water is the main solute of the body.

False

Which of the following is not a polymer?

fatty acid

Glycogen is a polymer of_________ molecules.

glucose

Consider an atom with four electrons in its outer shell. If that atom is covalently bound to three other atoms within a molecule, then it is

in a double bond with one atom and in single bonds with two atoms.

When a strong acid is placed in water, it

dissolves and dissociates.

If an ionic compound formed between an element from the first column of the periodic table and another from the sixth column, you would expect the compound to include

two atoms from the first-column element and one atom from the sixth-column element.

The simple sugar glucose is an example of a

monosaccharide

Which of the following is not one of the four most common elements in the body?

Calcium

The three parts making up a nucleotide are

a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

A phospholipid _____________.

has both polar and nonpolar regions

Proteins are

polymers made up of amino acid monomers.