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Psychometrics
The field of study concerned with the theory and technique of psychological measurement, which includes the measurement of knowledge, abilities, attitudes, and personality traits.
Francis Galton
Known as the Father of Psychometrics, he established the testing movement and aimed to determine behavioral differences based on stimuli.
Army Alpha
An intelligence test administered to literate individuals during World War I.
Army Beta
A non-verbal intelligence test administered to illiterate individuals during World War I.
Hermann Rorschach
Swiss psychiatrist who developed the Rorschach Inkblot Test to measure personality.
Woodworth Personal Data Sheet
The first personality test created by Robert S. Woodworth, also known as the Woodworth Psychoneurotic Inventory.
Trait vs. State
Traits are long-lasting characteristics; states are temporary conditions that depend on present circumstances.
Assessments
A broader process that involves evaluating and arriving at conclusions about an individual based on more than just test scores.
Measurement
The process of quantifying occurrences of certain traits or behaviors.
Validity
The extent to which a test measures what it purports to measure.
Reliability
The consistency of a test's results over time and across different contexts.
Test Development
An umbrella term that encompasses all processes involved in creating a psychological test.
Power Test
A type of ability test designed to measure the depth of understanding or skill, regardless of time constraints.
Speed Test
A type of ability test where the focus is on the number of items completed in a given time frame.
Descriptive Statistics
A set of statistical techniques for summarizing and describing the features of a dataset.
Inferential Statistics
Methods for making predictions or inferences about a population based on a sample.
Hypothesis Testing
A statistical method to evaluate a hypothesis about a population using sample data.
Null Hypothesis
The hypothesis that there is no significant difference or relationship between the variables being studied.
Alternative Hypothesis
The hypothesis that suggests there is a significant difference or relationship between the variables.
ANOVA
Analysis of Variance, a statistical method used to compare means among three or more groups.
Pearson Correlation Coefficient
A measure of the strength and direction of the linear relationship between two continuous variables.
Skewness
The measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable.
Kurtosis
A statistical measure that describes the distribution of data points in the tails, particularly the peak or flatness.
Item Analysis
A statistical procedure used to evaluate the effectiveness of test items and their contribution to the overall test score.
Test Scores
The results obtained from psychological testing, providing a quantifiable measurement of abilities or traits.
Cumulative Scoring
A method where higher scores indicate higher levels of ability measured by the test.
Ipsative Scoring
A method that compares a test taker's scores on different scales within the same test.
Quantitative vs. Qualitative Measurement
Quantitative refers to measurable numerical data; qualitative describes non-numerical characteristics or qualities.
Dynamic Psychological Assessment
An assessment approach that includes evaluation, intervention, and reevaluation to gauge effectiveness.
Collaborative Psychological Assessment
An assessment method where the client and assessor work together to arrive at a diagnosis.
Test Construction
The stage of creating a test that includes item writing, formatting, and establishing scoring rules.
Item Pool
A collection of potential test items from which final test items are selected.
Statistical Index
A numerical value that indicates the presence, strength, or direction of a relationship between variables.
Portfolio Assessment
An evaluative method that involves analyzing a collection of work samples from individuals.
Behavioral Observation
A technique for assessing behavior by systematically observing subjects in specific contexts.
Therapeutic Psychological Assessment
An assessment process that is therapeutic for the client during the evaluation.
Case History Data
Information collected about an individual's past behaviors and circumstances relevant to assessment.
Projective Tests
Tests that use ambiguous stimuli to elicit responses that reveal the subject's personality or unconscious desires.
Error Variance
The amount of error in test score variability that can distort the assessment of true ability.
Nomothetic vs. Idiographic
Nomothetic focuses on general laws and comparisons across groups; idiographic emphasizes individual uniqueness.
Rating Scale
A scale used for quantifying subjective measures of traits, attitudes, or opinions.
Maximum Performance Tests
Tests designed to assess the maximum capabilities of an individual.
Typical Performance Tests
Tests designed to assess how individuals typically behave or perform in regular situations.
Behavioral Measures
Assessment tools that directly observe and quantify observable behaviors.
Standardization Sample
The group of individuals on which test scores are based, providing a basis for comparison.
Content Validity
The degree to which test items reflect the content area being measured.
Criterion Validity
The extent to which a test is predictive of performance on a related measure.
Test-Retest Reliability
The consistency of test scores when the same test is administered to the same subjects at different times.
Scoring Rubric
A guide used to assess or grade responses, typically outlining criteria and performance levels.
Item Difficulty Index
A statistical measure indicating the proportion of test takers who correctly answer a specific item.
Construct Validity
The degree to which a test accurately measures the theoretical construct it is designed to assess.
Test Norms
Standards that are used to interpret test scores based on the performance of a defined group.
Measurement Error
The difference between the actual score and the observed score due to various factors affecting performance.
Alpha Level
The threshold for determining statistical significance in hypothesis testing, often set at 0.05.
Peer-Reviewed Research
Scholarly research published in academic journals that has undergone evaluation by others in the field.
Qualitative Data
Non-numerical data that provide insights into characteristics and meanings.
Quantitative Data
Numerical data that can be measured and analyzed statistically.
Assessment Tools
Instruments and methods used to collect data about individuals for evaluation.
Clinical Assessment
A systematic method for evaluating an individual’s mental health and psychological functioning.
Surveys
Structured questionnaires used to gather information from participants about their experiences or attitudes.
Feedback in Assessment
The information given to test takers regarding their performance, often used for improvement.
Ethical Principles in Assessment
Guidelines ensuring fairness, confidentiality, and integrity in psychological testing and evaluation.
Item Reliability Index
An estimate of the consistency of a test item in relation to the overall test score.
Behavioral Assessment
A comprehensive evaluation of an individual’s behavior by direct observation.
Self-report Measures
Tools that rely on individuals to provide information about their own thoughts, feelings, or behaviors.
Test Administration
The process of delivering a psychological test to a participant according to established guidelines.
Diagnostic Tests
Assessments designed to identify specific disorders or conditions based on criteria.
Feedback Loop in Testing
A process where results inform the next steps in assessment, aiding continual improvement.
Clinical Interview
A structured or semi-structured conversation to gather comprehensive information about an individual.
Cross-validation
Re-validation of a test with different samples to ensure reliability and generalizability.
Norm-Referenced Testing
Tests designed to compare an individual's performance to a group norm.
Criterion-Referenced Testing
Tests designed to measure performance against a fixed set of predetermined criteria.
Item Discrimination Index
A measure of how well a test item differentiates between high and low scorers.
Longitudinal Study
Research that follows subjects over time to observe changes and developments.
Binet Intelligence Test
The first practical intelligence test, developed to identify students needing assistance in school.
Group Testing
The administration of assessments to multiple individuals simultaneously.
Individual Testing
Assessments carried out on a one-on-one basis between the examiner and the participant.
Ethical Considerations in Testing
Responsibility to ensure fairness, validity, and respect for test takers during assessment.
Cognitive Assessments
Tests designed to measure intellectual functioning and cognitive abilities.
Performance Assessments
Methods that require individuals to demonstrate their skills or knowledge in practical scenarios.
Behavioral Rating Scales
Tools used by observers to evaluate an individual's behavior using standardized criteria.
Item Quality Analysis
The review of test items to ensure they measure accurately and are free from bias.
Statistical Tests
Mathematical methods applied to analyze and interpret data from assessments.
Test Validity
The extent to which a test accurately measures what it intends to measure, ensuring meaningful results.
