Era of good feeling + Andrew Jackson

What was the Missouri Compromise?

• Temporary resolution to slavery tensions between south and north under Henry Clay leadership in congress

• Maine admitted as a free state and Missouri as slave to preserve balance in senate

• Rest of Louisiana Territory split into south for slavery and north (Besides missouri) for free (Dividing line set at 36° 30 ́ north latitude)

• Pres Monroe signed in 1820

What led to the making of the Missouri Compromise

• Once Missouri reached 60,000 inhabitants, it petitioned to become a state.

• Had 11 free and 10 slave states, but admitting would require gradual release of slaves: south considered threat to power so blocked the bill.

• Alabama then admitted to make 11/11 balance.

• Missouri would disrupt balance

• Tension grew between north and south - mention of civil war

Who feared for the future after the Missouri Compromise. Why?

Thomas Jefferson - knew tension was only temporarily settled

• feared for civil war

How might settlement of the West have increased tension between northern and southern states?

• Kept bringing up the issue of Slavery and increased tension (Moral dilemma and balance in senate)

Suffrage

How many states required voters to own property by 1830?

• The right to vote

• 2 states

Election of 1824

• John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson

• No majority of electoral votes - House of rep(Led by Henry Clay) decides - picks JQA

Why does Jackson call the Election of 1824 a ‘corrupt bargain’

JQA promised to make Henry Clay Secretary of state

Election of 1824 results (effects)

• DR party split - Dem (Jackson) + Rep (Adams)

• End of Era of Good Feelings

Election of 1828

• Jackson + JQA again

• First modern political campaign (Personal attacks; win ppl’s vote)

Who did Jackson aim his campaign at during the Election of 1828

Against wealthy elite and promised to support common man

Spoils system

Winner of election replaces former appointees with friends + loyal supporters (Done by Jackson after Election of 1828)

Effects of War of 1812

• Confirmation of US independence

• New sense of nationalism

• Boost in American manufacturing

• Revealed problems in transportation

• Convinced older Dem-Republicans to support a stronger federal government

What else is happening during the rise of Nationalism? (3)

• Industrial Revolution

• Growth of slavery

• Need to unite the country

North - During rise of nationalism

• New England industrializes (due to War of 1812)

• Cash crops are not effective

• Lowell becomes manufacturing center

• Cotton gin (1793)

South - During rise of nationalism

• Little incentive to industrialize

• Cotton gin

• Cotton Kingdom or “King Cotton”

• Demand for slaves grew in the 1820s

North West - During rise of nationalism

• Raised one or two types of crops or livestock (ex: corn and cattle)

• Sold goods at city markets

The American System

Henry Clay (Kentucky) proposed:

• Second Bank of the US (1816)

• A protective tariff

  • 25% duty on most imported factory goods

  • Sectional economic differences lead to different impacts ( who would support it?)

• National transportation system

  • Need for internal improvements

  • Vetoed by Madison (constitutional?)

“Era of Good Feelings”

• James Monroe president

• Went on good will tours of the country (especially in the North)

• Just one party

• Post-war nationalism

• Focus on development of the country

• Several peace treaties

Adams - Onis Treaty

• 1819 - Spanish ceded Fl to US and gave up claims to the Oregon Territory

• Due to it being too weak to police its New World territories

Convention of 1818

• Arranged by Adams

• Fixed the U.S. border at the 49th parallel up to the Rocky Mountains

• Reached a compromise with Britain to jointly occupy the Oregon territory

Is “Era of Good Feelings” a misnomer?

• Tariff issues

• Bank issues

  • Panic of 1819

• Growing pains in the West

  • 1791-1819: 9 new states

  • Sectional balance

REPLY TO THIS IN OPEN RESPONSE FORMAT

Panic of 1819

• First major, widespread, and long-lasting financial crisis or economic depression in US History

• 1819-1821

• Full recovery not until 1823

Causes of Panic of 1819 (3 main causes)

• Post-war demand drop

  •  American crops prices went up cuz Europe needed them during Napoleonic Wars

  • Wars over: value of American cotton, wheat, and tobacco dropped by 50%

• Reckless banking & Land speculation

  • State banks printed money that was not backed by gold/silver (specie) – created easy credit 

  • “Land bubble”: people bought huge tracts of land driving prices up

• Second Bank of US intervention

  • Banks had to pay loans in specie

  • Banks demanded immediate repayment from farmers & borrowers

Effects of Panic of 1819 (6 answers)

• “Bubble” popped

• Foreclosures and debtors’ prisons

• State banks collapsed

• Massive unemployment

• People distrusted the Bank of United States

• Gov passed laws to help farmers pay back debt at reduced rates

Monroe Doctrine Causes

• Spain & Portugal wanted to reclaim their former colonies in Latin America (After Napoleon defeat)

• Meanwhile Russians (In Alaska since 1784) were establishing trade posts in current day CA

  • Posed a threat to American trade w/ China which brought huge profits

Monroe Doctrine

• 1823 - Pres Monroe gave a message to congress - warned all outside powers to not interfere with affairs in Western Hemisphere.

What things did Monroe say in Monroe Doctrine (4 main)

• America cannot be colonized by Europe again (want peaceful negotiations)

• U.S. have right to defend themselves when attacked

• Europe attempt to colonize would be threat to current friendly relations + peace/safety

• U.S. has not interfered + will not w/ any existing colonies

Erie Canal History

• Build by Dewitt Clinton

• Connected The Hudson river + Albany with the Great lakes at Buffalo.

How did the Erie Canal impact the shipping and trading of goods and resources

It drastically lowered the shipping cost of goods and the amount of time it takes

What effect did the Erie Canal have on New York City & New York state? 

It made the city the only American city that connected Europe on one side with the heartland of the continent on the other.

Erie Canal Impact (6 main)

• Grew size & development of U.S. -  supported feeling of patriotism

• Helped U.S. save money for U.S development.

• Made travel and trade quicker + more efficient

• Inhabitants of U.S. grew drastically

• Gave Americans a sense of union and community.

• Decrease in poverty

Background Marbury vs Madison (1803) 

• William Marbury (Fed) got a midnight appointment to be a judge from John Adams. 

• TJ took office next day; ordered his Secretary of State to not deliver the commission to Marbury (Prevented him from claiming the position)

• Marbury asked the Supreme Court to force Madison to deliver the commission

Questions of Marbury vs Madison (1803) (2)

• Did the Supreme Court have the right to award judges commissions?

• Did Marbury have the right to the commission?

Ruling of Marbury vs Madison (1803) (2)

• SC been given power to grant commissions to judges by Judiciary Act of 1789 - but this law was unconstitutional according to John Marshall. 

• Case established “judicial review” 

John Marshall

• Chief Justice

• Guided the SC to decisions that increased the power of the fed gov over the state gov. 

Judicial review

The idea that the Supreme Court had the right to declare laws constitutional or unconstitutional.

Background McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

• Congress established Second Bank of the U.S. - many disliked; believed fed gov was abusing its power

• 1818 -  The state of Maryland passed a law to tax the bank. 

  • James W. McCulloch, a cashier in the Baltimore bank, refused to pay the tax.

Questions McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) (3)

• Does US Congress have power to create, open, and operate a bank?

• Can state gov interfere with operations of a national agency? Can they tax fed agencies?

• What powers not listed in the US constitution does the fed gov have?

Ruling McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) (3)

• Even though US Con doesn’t state that Congress can establish a bank, the bank is constitutional - Necessary and proper clause

• Maryland can’t tax the fed gov institution   

• Decision establishes the supremacy of the fed gov over the states

Background Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

• 1798 - NY state gave Robert Ogden a monopoly for a steamboat ferry connecting NJ & NY

• A competitor, Thomas Gibbons secured the same license from the fed gov.

• Claiming that his monopoly rights were violated, Ogden asked a NY state court to ban Gibbons’s boat from docking in NY.

• Gibbons sued.

Questions Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) (3)

• Did Congress have exclusive right to regulate interstate commerce or was this a shared power

• Could NY grant a monopoly that operates across multiple states?

• Did the fed gov or state govs have the right to regulate interstate commerce?

Ruling Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) (3)

• NY wrote a unconstitutional law

• The power to regulate interstate commerce rests with only the fed gov. 

• Article III grants Congress the power to regulate interstate commerce.

Explain how each case expanded federal power.

Marbury v. Madison	Judicial review: can rule which laws are constitutional
McCulloch v. Maryland	Supremacy of federal government over states; necessary and proper clause
Gibbons v. Ogden	The power to regulate commerce is with the federal government

Rush-Bagot Treaty 1817

• Adams (Working under Pres Monroe) prioritized the security of the nation and expansion of its territory. 

• Adams worked out a treaty w/ GB to reduce the Great Lakes fleets of both countries to only a few military vessels

• Led US and Canada to completely demilitarize their common border

Expansion to the West

• Most settlers pushed westward in search of economic gain - land plentiful, fertile, + cheap

• Some moved to escape debts or the law

• Social gains were to be made 

Rufus King

• Anti - Expansion of Slavery

• Believed in staying loyal to constitution

  • 3/5 compromise can’t be erased but not to be expanded

• Believes congress has the right to determine if Missouri should be a free or slave state

• Believes slavery harms military 

Is era of good feelings a misnomer? (Open response)

The era of good feelings is a misnomer. It was originally called this because after the war of 1812 americans felt a sense of pride and nationalism for their victories during the war, and also felt united due to the fall of the federalist party and the one party system that took place currently. It is a misnomer for many reasons, like the panic of 1818 which was the first widespread depression in U.S. history. During the Napoleonic wars, Europe relied on America for resources like crops, so america greatly invested in farms. After the wars ended, there was no use for american goods so all the money invested into the farms was not payed off, leaving massive debts. reckless banking, like printing money that was not gold or silver (specie) also led to the panic of 181t is also a misnomer because of the division in the country. the sense of unity was false because slavery had caused huge tension between the north and south due to things like the Missouri compromise, which directly split the south and north. This caused moral dilemma and problems with balance in the senate. this even threatened a civil war and grew sectionalism.8. I lastly, protective tariffs were placed on goods imported from foreign countries, which grew sectionalism. this is because the south bought from Europe but now the goods were much more expensive, forcing ppl to buy American made goods which were manufactured in the north due to it's industrialization. this grew the north's wealth but not the south's, further growing the countries divide.

(AJ) Whats the Tariff of Abominations

• 1828 Tariff

  • High tariff on foreign manufactured goods

(AJ) Nullification Crisis

• Calhoun (SC) questioned the legality of applying federal laws in sovereign states

• Calhoun’s theory: each state had the right nullify (or reject) federal laws that it considered unconstitutional

• States had the right to leave the Union if the government did not allow it to nullify a law

(AJ) Hayne and Webster Debate

• Hayne (SC) questioned the authority of the federal government over states rights - believed nullification crisis was the answer

• Webster (MA) questioned whether nullification was essentially rebellion or revolution - Could destroy the union

• Calhoun resigns as VP over this issue

(AJ) What was SC response to the protective tariffs?

• SC threatens to secede (withdraw from the Union)

• Jackson said SC was treasonous & threatened to hang Calhoun.

(AJ) What was the response to South Carolina’s threat to secede the union

• Force Bill (1833): Fed gov can send in army and navy to collect taxes (SMTH WITH SOUTH CAROLINA???)

• Clay: Compromise tariffs - reduce them over 10 year period

(AJ) National Bank & Bank War

• Jackson opposed the 2nd Bank of the US

• Federal taxes were deposited there so the BUS had an advantage over smaller banks

• BUS stockholders earned interest from the deposits, not the common man

• Nicholas Biddle (its president) gave loans to congressmen at lower rates than the common man

(AJ) National Bank & Bank War Response

• AJ Vetoed the extension of the bank (helped him win re-election)

• Transferred funds into certain state banks “pet banks”

• Biddle refused to give out new loans and wanted to frustrate the public into renewing the charter

• Jackson blamed Biddle for the frustration

• The 2nd BUS failed shortly after

This will result in the Panic of 1837

(AJ) Specie Circular act (1836)

• Jackson favored “hard” money (gold/silver)

• Demanded all payments for the purchase of public lands be made exclusively in specie (gold or silver coin)

• Purpose: stop excessive land speculation, particularly in the West (made possible due to paper money that pet banks were giving out)

• Result: Panic of 1837

(AJ)Abolition

• Abolitionists want to end slavery

• Jackson saw abolition as a threat

       to the union

-Slave owner

      -No moral questioning

• Wanted Congress to pass a law

       to prevent “incendiary” mailings (Anti Slavery literature)

-His Postmaster complied but law failed

(AJ) Gag Rule

• Jackson Supported

  • Any petitions to Congress about ending slavery would not be accepted

  • Could not be discussed in Congress

  • Not repealed until 1844

(AJ)

Why was the Indian Removal Act Passed?

• Saw Indians as restricting westward expansion

• Said removal was for their “protection”

(AJ) Indian Removal Act (1830)

Authorized the fed gov to negotiate treaties - forcing tribes east of the Mississippi River to relocate to “Indian Territory” (present-day Oklahoma).

(AJ) Major Tribes affected by Indian removal Act

• Major tribes affected: Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole (“Five Civilized Tribes”)

(AJ) Worcester v. GA (1832) + Treaty

J Marshall ruled that GA didn’t have the right to invade Cherokee lands

• Jackson’s response: Don’t enforce the decision!

• Chief John Ross continued to fight against removal

• Treaty of New Echota - Gave the last 8 mil acres of Cherokee land to the fed gov in exchange for approximately $5 mil and land “west of the Mississippi.” 

  • marked the beginning of the Cherokee exodus

(AJ) Trial of Tears

• 800 mi. forced migration of Cherokees to “Indian Territory” (Oklahoma)

  • Happens under Van Buren but policy of removal started under Jackson

The Whigs

• New political party

• Backed the American System 

• Included Clay, JQA, and Webster

• Issues W/ AJ

  • Bank War

  • Spoils System

  • More vetoes than all previous pres combined

  • Not enforcing Supreme court case

Martin Van Buren

• Van Buren won the election of 1836

  • “Little Magician” - good at getting ppl on board (Manipulate)

  • Inherited problem with “pet banks”

  • Panic of 1837

Why was Andrew considered Democratic

• Favored the Majority (Farmers)

• “Common man”

  • Welcomes into White house and politics

• Cheaper land in west

• Opposed 2nd bank

• Promoted West Ward expansion by removing obstacles

Why was Andrew considered Undemocratic “King Andrew”

• Gag rule - violated first amendment

• Support slavery

• Violates worcester v. GA

• Spoils system

• Threatens VP Calhaun

• Indian Removal Act

Democrat Party Origin

• Formed against JQA and around Jackson’s presidential campaign

• Evolved from Democratic Republicans

• Want weak fed gov/stronger state gov

Whigs Party Origin

• Emerged to oppose Jackson’s domestic policies

• Inherited Feds beliefs (Strong Fed Gov)

Democratic party leaders

• Andrew Jackson

• Martin Van Buren

• John C. Calhoun

Whig party leaders

• JQA

• Henry Clay

• Daniel Webster

• William H. Harrison

What regions supported the Democratic party

• Deep Southern states 

• Newer West

• Less prosperous, industrial, and populated towns

  • Virginia

  • Pennsylvania

  • New Jersey 

  • New Hampshire

  • Maine

  • New York (Rural Area)

What regions/ppl supported the Whig party

• Northern States

  • Michigan

  • Mass

• Educators, professionals, manufacturers, LARGE scale farmers

• Free Blacks

Whig vs Dems - American System (LEARN MORE ABOUT THIS)

Whigs

• Supported it (Created by a whig, Henry Clay)

Dems

• Opposed it (Too much power)

Whig vs Dems - Federal Land Policy

Whigs

• Wanted to keep prices high of land (Gives money to the fed gov)

Dems

• Want to decrease land prices (Easier for common man and farmers to expand)

Whig vs Dems - Indian Affairs

Whigs

• Opposed it

• Sympathetic to Native Americans (eh)

• Dislike that Jackson oppose supreme court (LEARN MORE ON THIS)

Dems

• Supported westward expansion

• Favored removal

Whig vs Dems - National Bank

Whigs

• Supported it

• Necessary to ensure national economic prosperity

Dems

• Opposed government interventions in the economy

Whig vs Dems - Paper Money

Whigs

• Supported liberal circulation of paper money

• More people can buy stuff and manufacture with easily available money

Dems

• Anti paper money (Wanted to be backed by specie)

Whig vs Dems - Slavery

Whigs

• Southern: Pro

• Northern: Anti

• More sympathetic towards black people

Dems

• Supported, hostile to abolitionists

Whig vs Dems - Tariffs

Whigs

• Wanted high tariffs

• Protect the growth of manufacturing enterprises’

Dems

• Opposed

• Believed it made privagaled the wealthy at the expense of other people's rights

• Protect farmers

Whig vs Dems - Territorial Expansion

Whigs

• Opposed it

Dems

• Supported it

Martin Van Buren

Andrew Jackson’s successor

John C Calhoun

Secretary of War

3 parts of Clay’s American system

• Protective Tariffs

• National Bank

• Transportation System (Vetoes by Madison)

Who was blamed for the panic of 1837

Martin Van Buren

Who was Jackson’s vice Pres?

John C. Calhoun - Resigned - due to nullification crisis … (AND WHY)

Manufacturing city in the North

Lowell

To what did Jefferson refer to the Missouri Compromise

Firebell in the night

Why did Jackson threaten to hang Calhoun

Because he threatened SC to leave the union. Called it treasonous

Who invented the cottin gin

Eli Whitney

Election of 1840

• Van Buren vs. William Henry Harrison (Whig) 

• John Tyler (VP) becomes president after Harrison dies (after 32 days)