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Cabinet
Formal body of presidential advisors who head the 15 executive departments, with the possibility of additional advisors.
Council of Economic Advisors (CEA)
Advises the President on foreign and domestic economic policies.
Executive agreement
Formal international agreements entered into by the president that don’t require the advice and consent of the US Senate
Executive privilege
implied presidential power that allows the president to refuse to disclose information regarding confidential conversations to Congress or the judiciary
Impeachment
Constitutional process for removing government officials from office, initiated by the House of Representatives.
Line Item Veto
Power of executive authority to cancel specific parts of a bill.
National Security Council (NSC)
Agency within the White House that advises the president on foreign policy, led by the national security advisor.
Office of Management and Budget (OMB)
Prepares the president’s annual budget proposal and reviews executive department budgets.
Pocket veto
Occurs when Congress is not in session and the president does not sign a bill within 10 days, resulting in the bill's demise.
Bully pulpit
The ability of the presidency to draw attention to and generate support for specific issues.
Twenty-fifth Amendment
Establishes procedures for filling presidential and vice-presidential vacancies and addressing presidential disability.
Twenty-second Amendment
Limits a president to serving two terms in office.
War Powers Resolution/Act
Requires congressional authorization for deploying troops overseas and limits deployment duration.
Watergate
Scandal involving a break-in at the Democratic National Committee's offices, leading to Nixon's resignation.
Bureaucracy
System of government where state officials make key decisions rather than elected representatives.
Administrative discretion
Bureaucrats' ability to make choices on implementing congressional or executive intentions.
Command and control policy
Regulatory system where the government directs businesses on achieving goals and enforces compliance.
Deregulation
Removal of government restrictions on business and industry activities.
Executive orders
Rules or regulations enacted by the president that have the force of law. (can be easily removed)
Governmental corporations
Agencies that conduct business or produce products for the nation.
Hatch Act
Limits political activities of federal employees to ensure nonpartisan administration of federal programs. Employees are advanced based on merit and not political affiliation.
Independent executive agencies
Governmental units that closely resemble a cabinet department but have narrower areas of responsibility and performs services rather than regulatory functions A federal agency who specializes in one area that is not part of a cabinet department but reports directly to the president. (CIA, NASA)
Independent regulatory agency
Federal agencies created by Congress that regulate specific interests or economic activities independently of the president.
Iron triangle/subgovernment
Relatively ironclad relationships and patterns of interaction that occur among agencies, interest groups, and congressional committees or subcommittees
Patronage
Jobs or favors given as rewards to friends or political allies for their support.
Pendleton Civil Service Act
Established the Civil Service Commission and the principle of federal employment based on competitive exams.
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