EAPP (MIDTERMS)

Academic writing

used to describe things that relate to the work done in schools, colleges,

and universities, especially work which involves studying and reasoning rather than

practical or technical skills.

Professional writing

means relating to a person's work or expertise, especially work that requires special training.

Professional

focuses o practical skills than academic credentials

English for Academic and Professional Purposes

nurtures students with the academic language skills necessary for

successful college studies in all disciplines while giving them

access to degree programs.

Text

is a large unit of a written work.

Text

a group of ideas put together

to make a point or one

central idea.

Text

An actually connected

discourse.

Discourse

is a formal and often lengthy

discussion of a topic, where

concepts and insights are

arranged in an organized and

logical manner.

Discourse

a heated debate on who’s the best president is an example of a

Discourse

can be an utterance, talk,

speech, discussion, conversation,

or even text.

to inform, to persuade, to entertain

purposes of writing

Academic text

are critical, objective and

specialized texts that are written

by professionals or experts in a

particular field.

Academic text

They are written in formal language

and has a formal style and tone.

Since these are objective texts, they

are based on facts.

Academic text

They rely far more formally on research- based, factual and verifiable materials for their content.

Academic Language

Academic text utilizes

Academic Language

represents the language demands of

school (academics).

Academic Language

includes language used in textbooks, in

classrooms, on tests, and in each discipline.

Academic Language

different in vocabulary and

structure from the everyday spoken

English of social interactions.

Academic Language

It is the vocabulary that students or adults must learn to succeed in the classroom

or in the workplace.

Academic Language

variety of words, more sophisticated vocabulary

Academic Language

sentences start with transition words such as however, moreover, and in addition

Social Language

It is the simple, informal language we use when talking face to face with family members and friends. It allows us to use contemporary or slang terms like “cool,” “awesome,” or “dude.”

Social Language

has repetition of words

Social Language

sentences start with and and but

Formal, Impersonal, Precise, Objective

Characteristics of Academic Language

Formal

should not be conversational

and casual.

Formal

Avoid colloquial and idiomatic

expressions, slang, and

contractions.

Impersonal

Do not refer to yourself as the performer of

actions. Do not use personal pronouns.

Precise

The facts are presented

accurately. The choice of words

are appropriate. The use of

technical terms to achieve

precision is applied.

Objective

is unbiased, based on facts and is

not influenced by personal feelings.

Textbooks, Essays, Theses, Research articles, Case studies, Reports

Major Examples of Academic Texts

Textbooks

are specifically designed to help the learners for specific subjects or

disciplines.

Textbooks

They have highly set languages depending on the discipline

Essays

usually help you show how deep you have learned a topic or lesson. They usually need to

include citations of sources

Theses

You will probably have to write longer texts when and if you decide

to enroll in a post graduate course in the future

Research Articles

written mainly for a specialist audience, meaning other researchers,

academics and postgraduate students/studies.

Case Studies

These may be found in any discipline, though they are most common in disciplines such as

humanities, example business, sociology, and law. They are descriptive and in-depth

studies into the lives of particular individuals.

Reports

The purpose of reports is to describe what happened and discuss and evaluate its

importance.

Non-Academic text

include writings that are informal and dedicated to a lay audience.

Non-academic articles

are written for the widespread public. They are published rapidly

and can be written by anyone.

Non-academic texts

may also include research or verifiable material but are less likely to

include references to any source material and may be published in a rather informal setting.

Emails, Newspapers, Magazines, Blogs or social media posts

Major Examples of Non-Academic Texts

Emails

Simple and informal. They are sent or received over a computer network and can be sent

to multiple recipients and carry multiple attachments at the same time.

Newspapers

A publication and form of mass communication and mass media usually issued daily,

weekly, or at other regular times that provides news, views, features, and other information

of public interest.

Newspapers

type of text that can either be academic or non-academic based on its content and audience

Magazines

is another kind of non-academic text which is usually used for leisure time.

Blogs or Social Media posts

can add more ideas about a particular thing but it’s not good to be a source of research, like for a thesis, except if your topic is about social media.

Academic text

shared historical events or literature or other forms of knowledge

Non-academic text

personal life and everyday events

Text

is any object that can be "read", whether this object is a work of literature, a street sign, an

arrangement of buildings on a city block, or styles of clothing. It is a coherent set of signs that

transmits some kind of informative message.

Text structures

refer to the way authors organize information in text.

Text structures

Recognizing

the underlying structure of texts can help students focus attention on key concepts and

relationships, anticipate what is to come, and monitor their comprehension as they read.

Descriptive, Narrative, Expository, Persuasive

TYPES OF TEXT STRUCTURES.

Descriptive

This type of structure is based on the main impression of the author about the

topic or subject. His or her impression is influenced by prior knowledge, culture, environment, and

experiences, among others.

As the writer describes his or her observations, it triggers sensory images among readers.

Narrative

This type of discourse is like storytelling. It recalls events chronologically. It is told in the first-, second-, or third-person point of view. Moreover, its structure may be linear or nonlinear.

linear

follows a typical format: beginning, middle, end,

nonlinear

may start from the end or in the middle.

Expository

This aims to inform, clarify, and explain a phenomenon. It defines what something is and provides an in-depth discussion about topics that are usually less explored. Moreover, it gives reader instructions on how something is done.

Argumentative/Persuasive

the writer aims to persuade the audience or readers. He or she presents valid claims or counterclaims, each supported by evidence, to prove a point. In proving claims, the writer presents studies, experts’ opinions, and statistical data, among others. Moreover, an argumentative discourse should appeal to logic or reason instead of emotion.

Structure of Definition, Description, Classification, Chronology, Cause and effect, Comparison and contrast

THE STRUCTURES OF A TEXT

Structure of Definition

The focus of this text is to explain or give a comprehensive understanding of a concept, a

term or an idea.

Structure of Definition

utilizes the mind map

general definition

To define a term, a writer provides a __ then gives clear details to support

Formal definition

This type is factual by nature. The definitions provided in dictionaries are examples

of formal definition,

term, class, differentiating features

formal

definition, which generally include three elements:

term

word being defined

class

which refers to the (big) group to which the

term belongs;

Differentiating features

the word or phrase that makes it different with the others from the same

class.

Subjective definition

This type aims to defines complex terms in a personal way where it is influenced by

personal feelings or emotions.

Structure of Description

This pattern of development gives characteristics or details on what an object, a person or a place looks like.

Structure of Description

When using this pattern, use powerful and appropriate adjectives and use effectively the

five senses (sight, smell, taste, hear, touch) to create a clear image on a reader’s mind.

Objective description

is used in scientific writing to describe factual and scientific characteristics.

Objective description

It describes something without conveying the writer’s own emotions.

Subjective description

used in fiction wherein a writer uses their own perspective or impressions to describe a person, an event or a thing.

Structure of Classification

This pattern allows you to either divide a topic into its component parts, or to categorize (or classify) a group of related items or events.

Structure of Classification

It divides and organizes ideas or concepts in classes, groups or categories based on criteria

and relationships between the items.

Structure of Classification

segregate topics based on relationships and characteristics

Criteria

characteristics of a series to organize and divide them before writing

Structure of Chronology

Present ideas or events in the order in which

they happen.

Structure of Chronology

to show order of things, how something

happens and the logical arrangement of things.

Structure of Chronology

Words such as first, next, during, and finally can signal this text structure to tell the dates

and events that happened in the text.

Structure of Cause and Effect

It is used to explain why things happen, and the results of a certain phenomenon. Writers enumerate factors and possible outcomes resulting to phenomena or events.

Structure of Cause and Effect

It uses words like because, as a result, resulted, caused, affected, since, due to, effect, and

so to present the cause and effect of the topic.

Structure of Comparison and Contrast

to describe how two or more

things are similar and different.

Structure of Comparison and Contrast

frequently use words like both, unlike,

similarly, and in contrast.

Transitional devices

used in cause and effect, chronology, and comparison and contrast to identify the parts of the sentence

Summary

is a direct to the point narrative or re-telling of a much longer material,

either a story, an essay or any body of knowledge.

Summarizing

is a short restatement of the main idea of the text.

Summarizing

An act of reducing a text clearly

articulating the author’s meaning, and

retaining its main ideas.

Summary

output of summarizing

one-third or one-quarter

summarizing reduces a text to

simply, briefly, accurately

Summary involves re-stating a work’s thesis and main ideas (3)

accuracy

staying faithful to the text

Summarizing

an essential skill and learning strategy that allows students to monitor their own

progress in learning a course material.

Summarizing

will improve your memory for what you have read.

Summarizing

It helps you stay on topic while still presenting what's most important about each

paragraph in an easy-to-read format that will not bore the reader into skipping over

it entirely or looking for something else to do instead of reading what you have

written.

Outlines, Graphic organizers, 5W’s and 1H

Summarizing Techniques

Outline

is a snapshot of one’s paper as it captures the important points.

Outline

is a general plan of the material that is to be presented in a speech or a

paper.

Outlining

will help construct and organize ideas in a sequential manner and

thoughtful flow. It also breaks down a text into its main ideas and its supporting arguments

or supporting details.