anatony fina'

Adaptive defense system

Immune response

Second line of defense

Inflammatory response

Third line of defense

Immune response

Innate defense system

Inflammatory response and skin and mucous membrane

First line of defense

Intact skin and mucous membrane

Kills cancer cells and virus infected body cells

Cytotoxic T cell

Forms antibody producing cells

B cell

Absence results in no immune response

helper t cell

Enables quick and efficient response to secondary exposure to antigen

Memory cell

Largest lymphatic organ

Spleen

Receives lymph from most of the body

Thoracic duct

Small organs intimately associated with lymphatic vessels

Lymph nodes

Isolated clusters of lymph follicles found in the wall of the small intestine

Peyer's patches

Protein containing fluid within lymphatic vessels

lymph

About 3 liters of fluid are lost to tissue spaces every 24 hours and are returned to the bloodstream as lymph

True

Virus infected cells secrete interferons to warn other cells of the presence of virus and deny entry to them

False

Like blood, lymph flows both to and from the heart

False

Soluble proteins secreted by plasma cells are called antibodies

True

If even a small part of the spleen is left in a ten year old child, it will most likely regenerate itself

true

The directional movement of cells in response to chemicals is called chemotaxis

True

Peyer's patches are clusters of lymphoid tissue found primarily in the large intestine.

False

Digested fats are absorbed from the intestine by the lymph capillaries

True

Functions of the spleen include all of those below EXCEPT \____________.

Forming crypts that trap bacteria.

The tonsils located at the base of the tongue are the \__________.

Lingual tonsils

Vaccines work by \_______.

priming the adaptive immunity with a relatively harmless primary exposure.

Which of the following is NOT a part of the lymphatic system?

Erythrocytes.

Peyer's patches are found in the distal portion of the \_______.

Small intestine

Helper T cells _______.

Function in the adaptive immune system activation

Inflammation \_____.

Brings more leukocytes to the site of infection

Mucosa associated lumphoid tissues include all of the following EXCEPT_______.

Islets of Langerhans.

Most inspired particles such as dust fail to reach the lungs because of the \________.

Ciliated mucous lining in the nose.

For inspiration of air, which of the following happens first?

Diaphragm descends and rib cage rises.

Tidal volume is air \_______.

Exchanged during normal breathing.

Which of the following INCORRECTLY describes mechanisms of CO2 transport?

7-10% of CO2 is dissolved directly into plasma.

Which respiratory associated muscles would contract or relax during forced expiration, for example blowing up a balloon.

Internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract.

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes by \______.

Diffusion

The amount of air that can be inspired above the tidal volume is called \______.

Inspiratory reserve volume

Respiratory control centers are located in the \_______.

Medulla and pons

The lung volume that represents the total volume of exchangeable air is the \_____.

Vital capacity

The relationship between gas pressure and gas volume is described by \____.

Boyle's law

In the plasma, the quantity of oxygen in solution is \_____.

Only about 1.5% of the oxygen carried in blood

Which of the choices below determines the direction of respiratory gas movement?

Partial pressure gradient

Which of the following is true regarding normal quiet expiration of air?

It is a passive process that depends on the recoil of elastic fibers that were stretched during inspiration.

The main site of gas exchange is the \_____.

Alveoli

For gas exchange to be efficient, the respiratory membrane must be\______.

0.5 to 1 micrometer thick.

Complete the following statement using the choices below. Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is \_______.

Greater than the pressure in the atmosphere.

Which of the following maintains the patency (oppenness) of the trachea.

C-shaped cartilage rings

The nose serves all of the following functions EXCEPT \______.

As the direct initiator of the cough reflex.

Prevents backflow into the left ventricle

Aortic semilunar valve

Atrioventricular (AV) valve with three flaps

Tricuspid valve

Prevents backflow into the left atrium

Mitral (bicuspid) valve

Prevents backflow into the right ventricle

Pulmonary semilunar valve

prevents backflow into the right atrium

tricuspid valve

Atrioventricular (AV) valve with two flaps

Mitral (bicuspid) valve

Cancerous condition involving white blood cells

Leukemia

Condition in which blood has abnormally low oxygen carrying capacity

anemia

Abnormal excess of erythrocytes resulting in an increase in blood viscosity

Polycythemia

Platelet deficiency resulting in spontaneous bleeding from small blood vessels

Thrombocytopenia

Necessary for coagulation

Fibrinogen

Antibodies released by plasma cells during immune response

Gamma globulins

Main contributor to osmotic pressure

Albumin

Serous layer covering the heart muscle

Epicardium

The outermost layer of serous pericardium

Parietal layer

Heart muscle

Myocardium

The inner lining of the heart

Endocardium

Heart muscle is deprived of oxygen

Ischemia

Death of heart muscle cells

Infarction

If you centrifuge (spin) whole blood, you will find the band of white blood cells and platelets (the buffy coat) is much thinner than the packed red blood cells below it. The difference reflects the fact that \_______.

White blood cells are fewer in number than red blood cells.

Which of he following transports oxygen rich blood?

pulmonary vein

Blood flow to the skin \_______

Increases when environmental temperature rises

Which statement best describes arteries?

All carry blood away from the heart.

Which of the following is least involved in pulmonary circulation?

Superior vena cava

Permitting the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of \_______.

Capillaries

An individual who is blood type AB negative can \_______.

Receive any blood type in moderate amounts except that with the Rh antigen.

The source of blood carried to capillaries in the myocardium would be the \________.

Coronary arteries

What do the ductus arteriosus and the foramen ovale become at birth?

Ligamentum arteriosum; fossa ovalis

The P wave of a normal electrocardiogram indicates \_______.

Atrial depolarization

Higher viscosity of blood will increase the amount of stress placed on the heart while it is pumping. Viscosity of blood is highest when \________.

Hematocrit is highest

Which vessel(s) of the heart receive(s) blood from the right ventricle?

Pulmonary trunk

If cardiac muscle is deprived of its normal blood supply, damage would primarily result from \________.

Decreased delivery of oxygen

With a patient that is administered an injection of erythropoietin (EPO) you would expect to see \________.

Increased hematocrit

The foramen ovale \______.

connected the two atria in the fetal heart

What organ in the body regulates erythrocyte production?

Kidney

Loss of fibrinogen within the plasma would most likely cause which of the following?

Loss of blood clotting

What is the average normal pH range of blood?

7\.34-7.45

If you centrifuge (spin) whole blood, you will find the red blood cells (erythrocytes) at the bottom of the tube and white blood cells atop them. This implies that \________.

Red blood cells have a greater density than white blood cells

A mismatch of blood types during a transfusion is dangerous because \________.

Performed antibodies in the recipient's blood will bind and clump (agglutinate) the donated cells

When viewing a dissected heart, it is easy to visually discern the right and left ventricles by \________.

Noticing the thickness of the ventricle walls

The fact that the left ventricle of the heart is thicker than the right ventricle reveals that it \________.

Pumps blood against a greater resistance

The term for pain associated with deficient blood delivery to the heart that may be caused by the transient spasm of coronary arteries is \________.

Angina pectoris

A person with an extremely high count of neutrophils is likely suffering \________.

A bacterial infection

Which of the following is characteristic of all leukocytes?

They are nucleated

Which tunic of an artery is most responsible for maintaining blood pressure and continuous blood circulation?

Tunica media

Normal heart sounds are caused by which of the following events?

Closure of the heart valves

Given an end diastolic volume (EDV) of 120 ml / beat and an end systolic volume (ESV) of 50 ml / beat, the stroke volume (SV) would be \________.

70 mL / beat

Due to the branching of arteries the type of arteries that would be most numerous would be \________.

Arterioles

Which blood types is generally called the universal donor?

O

Factors that aid venous return include all except \_______.

Urinary output

Which structure is lined with simple squamous epithelium?

Alveolus

Which of the following is an appropriate response to carbon monoxide poisoning?

Hyperbaric oxygen chamber to increase PO2 and clear CO from the body