Human Genetics and Genetic Engineering Review

These flashcards cover key aspects of human genetics and genetic engineering, including definitions, processes, and concepts discussed in the lecture.

Colorblindness

A condition more common in males due to the recessive allele located on the X chromosome.

Gel Electrophoresis

A technique used to separate DNA fragments.

Genetically Engineered Bacteria

Bacteria modified to produce human insulin for diabetes treatment.

mRNA Sequence

The form of RNA that is transcribed from DNA, e.g., from ATA GCA CAT GTA to UAU CGU GUA CAU.

Heritable Mutation

A mutation that can be passed on through gametes, such as one with an extra chromosome.

Genotype in Pedigree

Recessive disorder genotype represented as 'hh'.

Photosynthesis Location

Occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells.

DNA Bands Production

Gel electrophoresis technique used in crime labs.

Blood Type Possibilities

From a mother with genotype IAi and a father with genotype IBi, the possibilities are A, B, AB, and O.

Carrier of Recessive Disorder

An individual with one copy of the recessive allele, who does not show symptoms.

Aerobic vs Anaerobic Respiration

Aerobic respiration generates more ATP compared to anaerobic respiration.

Transgenic Bacteria Production

Inserting a human gene into a bacterial plasmid.

Waxes

Organic compounds belonging to the lipid group.

DNA Sample Comparison

Gel electrophoresis allows scientists to compare DNA samples from various sources.

Mitosis and Meiosis Common Process

Gene mutation can occur in both mitosis and meiosis.

Oil Spill Cleanup Organism

Bacteria are used to clean up oil spills.

Homeostasis Example

Sweating during exercise is an example of homeostasis.

DNA Subunits

Nucleotides are the subunits that store genetic information.

Cloning

Creating genetically identical animals, such as a sheep and its lamb.

Hitchhiker's Thumb

A trait demonstrating a genotypic ratio of 50% Hh to 50% hh.

Human Karyotype Chromosomes

A normal human karyotype contains 46 chromosomes.

Transgenic Organism Purpose

Creating transgenic organisms aims to treat specific types of diseases.

Karyotype Observation

An extra chromosome can be observed in a karyotype.

Biochemical Reactions Temperature Effect

Reactions slow down at high temperatures due to changes in enzyme shape.

DNA Differences

Differences between species, like dogs and flies, are based on the sequence of nucleotides.

Saltwater Rinse Effect

Swollen gums reduce because water moves from high to low concentration.

Mitochondria Removal Impact

Without mitochondria, a plant cell cannot carry out respiration.

Recessive Trait Alleles

Two alleles are required for a trait to be recessive.

Enzymes

Proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions.

Meiosis Results

Meiosis from a cell with 8 chromosomes produces four cells, each with four chromosomes.

DNA Comparison Technique

The best way to test the relation between two people is by comparing their DNA.

Colorblindness Gene Location

The sex-linked allele for colorblindness is located on the X chromosome.

DNA Fingerprinting

Using DNA fingerprinting to find a baby's parents involves testing the couple.

Ribosomes

Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells contain ribosomes.

Polygenic Inheritance Example

Skin color is an example of a trait influenced by polygenic inheritance.

UV Exposure Disease

Excessive exposure to UV radiation can lead to skin cancer.

Energy Comparison

Fermentation produces less energy compared to aerobic respiration.

Cell Cycle Growth Phase

The phase of the cell cycle where most growth occurs is interphase.